Cognitive Approach

Question 1

Word

Answer 1

Definition

Question 2

Articulatory control system

Answer 2

A component of the phonological loop (working memory model), It converts written words into an articulatory (spoken) code so they can enter the phonological store and it acts like an inner voice rehearsing information from the phonological store.

Question 3

Attention

Answer 3

control process responsible for the transfer of information from the sensory stores to the STM

Question 4

Bias

Answer 4

when an individual’s existing thoughts, beliefs or ideas influence their thinking or behaviour.

Question 5

Central executive

Answer 5

Part of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model: a frontal-lobe process responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operation of the visuo-spatial sketch pad and phonological loop and relaying their information to LTM.

Question 6

Cognitive processes

Answer 6

Any mental function involved in the acquisition, storage, interpretation, manipulation, transformation, and use of knowledge. Examples of these processes include attention; learning; memory; perception; thinking and decision-making

Question 7

Declarative memory/explicit

Answer 7

(“knowing what”) is the memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled.

Question 8

Decision- making

Answer 8

This involves choosing an action, belief or strategy. Our decisions are based on our judgements.

Question 9

Echoic Memory

Answer 9

auditory information handled by the auditory sensory store

Question 10

Episodic memory

Answer 10

the memory of specific events that have occurred at a given time and in a given place.

Question 11

Episodic buffer

Answer 11

In the working memory model, a kind of reserve store that communicates with both LTM and the other components of working memory.

Question 12

Flashbulb memory

Answer 12

A vivid memory that seems accurate for where you were and what you were doing when a surprising and emotionally significant event occurred.

Question 13

Free Recall

Answer 13

task that has been used extensively in studies of the MSM; participants study a list of items presented one at a time and then attempt to recall these words in any order

Question 14

Heuristics

Answer 14

Simple rules used as a mental shorts cut for making judgements and decisions.

Question 15

Iconic Memory

Answer 15

visual information entering the visual sensory store

Question 16

Leading Question

Answer 16

question that contains hints about what the right answer to it may be

Question 17

Memory

Answer 17

the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Question 18

Nondeclarative memory/ implicit

Answer 18

Unconscious memories that may affect your behaviour

Question 19

Primacy Effect

Answer 19

better recall of the first few items, compared to the middle ones

Question 20

Procedural Memory

Answer 20

(“knowing how”) is the unconscious memory of skills and how to do things.

Question 21

Reconstructive memory

Answer 21

Memory that is susceptible to manipulation because it’s a product of conscious reconstructing processes.

Question 22

Recency Effect

Answer 22

better recall of the last few items

Question 23

Retrieval

Answer 23

brings information from the LTM back into the STM

Question 24

Schemas

Answer 24

Mental representations which organise our knowledge of objects, events, ourselves and others

Question 25

Scripts

Answer 25

patterns of behaviour that are learned through our interaction with the environment

Question 26

Semantic Memory

Answer 26

memory for storing facts and concepts

Question 27

Thinking

Answer 27

the process of using knowledge and information to make plans, interpret the world, and make predictions about the world in general.

Question 28

Working memory

Answer 28

information that is temporarily stored in our consciousness and can be manipulated by moving in and out of short term memory.