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Neurology Board Review > Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology > Flashcards

Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease

A

Female sex, age, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and apolipoprotein e4 status

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2
Q

Routine screening for dementia

A

B12, CBC, electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine, LFTs, TFTs and depression screening

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3
Q

Which chromosome is Presenilin-2 located in?

A

Chromosome 1, early onset familial AD

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4
Q

Which chromosome is Presenilin-1 located in?

A

Chromosome 14, aggressive early-onset familial AD

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5
Q

Which chromosome is Apolipoprotein E4 located in?

A

Chromosome 19, triples risk of AD

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6
Q

Which chromosome is Amyloid precursor protein located in?

A

Chromosome 21

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7
Q

Definition of immediate memory

A

amount of information someone can keep in conscious awareness without active memorization
test with forward digit span

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8
Q

Working memory

A

tested by manipulation of information retained in immediate memory

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9
Q

Recent memory

A

requires hippocampus, parahippocampal areas of medial temporal lobe
test with recall

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10
Q

Remote memory

A

historical life events and long-known information

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11
Q

Declarative memory (explicit memory)

A

Divided into episodic or semantic

Pathology caused by lesions to bilateral medial temporal lobes

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12
Q

Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory or procedural)

A

memory of skills and other acquired behaviors

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13
Q

FDG PET in Alzheimer’s disease

A

bilateral parietotemporal hypo metabolism

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14
Q

FDG PET in FTD

A

frontal and anterior temporal hypo metabolism

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15
Q

FDG PET in Huntington’s

A

head of caudate hypo metabolism

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16
Q

FDG PET in LBD

A

occipital region hypo metabolism

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17
Q

FDG PET in PSP

A

shows global metabolic reduction in regions including anterior cingulate, basal ganglia, thalamus and upper brainstem

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18
Q

Alzheimer’s type II astrocytes

A

hepatic encephalopathy

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19
Q

Neurons in locus coeruleus

A

noradrenergic neurons

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20
Q

Neurons in medial and dorsal raphe nuclei

A

serotonergic neurons

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21
Q

Neurons in nucleus accumbent and ventral tegmental area

A

dopaminergic neurons

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22
Q

Neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata

A

GABAnergic neurons

23
Q

Neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta

A

dopaminergic neurons

24
Q

Lewy body disease

A

Parkinsonism, fluctuating cognitive impairment, visual hallucinations, dysautonomia, REM sleep behavior and neuroleptic sensitivity

25
Q

chromosome in familial FTD

A

chromosome 17

26
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

lesions to bilateral anterior temporal lobes/amygdala

hyperorality, hyper metamorphosis, blunted emotional affect, hyper sexuality, visual agnosia

27
Q

Behavioral variant FTD

A

abulia, apathy, social withdrawal, social disinhibition, impulsivity, lack of insight, poor personal hygiene, sterotyped or ritual behavior, hyperphagia, sudden new artistic abilities, emotional blunting, loss of empathy, mental rigidity, distractibility, impersistence, perseveration behavior, impaired organizational and executive skills

28
Q

Progressive nonfluent aphasia

A

anomia, word finding difficulty, impaired object naming and effortful speech with preserved cognition

29
Q

Progressive fluent aphasia

A

progressive speech disturbance with normal fluency impaired comprehension, anomia and semantic paraphasia

30
Q

Damage to bilateral globus pallidus interna

A

akinetic mutism

31
Q

Psychogenic amnesia

A

loss of autobiographical memory, sometimes with ability for new learning

32
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

B1 deficiency; confusion, ataxia and ophthalmoplegia

33
Q

Korsakoff’s disease

A

chronic phase of B1 deficiency, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation

34
Q

Transient global amnesia

A

Functional alterations in bilateral medial temporal lobes

impaired recent memory with preserved immediate and remote memory

35
Q

Memantine (Namenda)

A

low to moderate affinity noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist

36
Q

Donepezil (Aricept)

A

pure acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

37
Q

Rivastigmine (Exelon)

A

combined acetylcholinesterase and butylrylcholinesterase antagonist

38
Q

Galantamine (Razadyne)

A

combined acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and allosteric nicotinic modulator

39
Q

Synucleinopathies

A

Parkinson’s
MSA
DLB
Neuro-axonal dystrophies

40
Q

neuropathology of CJD

A

neuronal loss, glial cell proliferation, absent inflammatory response, and vacuolization of the neuropil

41
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

optic ataxia, oculomotor apraxia and simultagnosia

due to damage to bilateral parieto-occipital regions

42
Q

Anton’s syndrome

A

visual anosagnosia leads to cortical blindness

due to damage to bilateral medial occipital lobes

43
Q

Charles Bonnet syndrome

A

release hallucination marked by vivid hallucinations that occur in people with severe visual impairment

44
Q

Alexia without agraphia

A

loss of reading comprehension despite normal visual acuity; can read individual letters, written and language comprehension normal
lesions in the dominant PCA territory in the medial and inferior occipitotemporal region and splenium of corpus callosum

45
Q

Verbal auditory agnosia

A

impaired auditory comprehension of language with intact hearing, normal comprehension of written language
due to lesion in middle portion of superior temporal gyri

46
Q

Aphemia

A

inability to speak fluently, impaired repetition, intact auditory comprehension, retained ability to write and comprehend written language
due to lesion in dominant frontal operculum

47
Q

Foix-Chavary-Marie Syndrome

A

severe dysarthria, bilateral voluntary paralysis of the lower cranial nerves with preserved involuntary and emotional innervation
due to lesion in bilateral anterior operculum

48
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia + intact repetition

49
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

Brock’s aphasia + intact repetition

50
Q

Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex lesion

A

changes in personality, social disinhibition, facetiousness, inappropriate jocularity, echopraxia and utilization behavior

51
Q

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex lesion

A

apathy, indifference, loss of initiative, motivation, abulia, and reduction in movement

52
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesion

A

loss of executive function, judgement and problem solving, disorganization

53
Q

Gertsmann’s syndrome

A

finger agnosia + left-right confusion + dyscalculia + dysgraphia
lesion to dominant inferior parietal lobule

Neurology Board Review (1 decks)

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