Cognitive Flashcards
What is piaget’s concrete operational stage?
- children use schemes that enable them to think logically about objects and events in the real world
- ages 7-11
- includes decentration, reversibility, inductive logic, and deductive logic (not that strong)
What is decentration?
thinking that takes multiple variables into account
What is reversibility?
the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed.
-Understanding hierarchies depends on this
What is inductive logic?
allows the child to go from a specific experience to a general principle
What is deductive logic?
- Hypothesis to how the situation should be based on that hypothesis (will not believe the experience if they have not seen it occur)
What is horizontal decalage?
- apply their new cognitive skills to all kinds of problems
- observation that once a child has the capability to perform a certain task or function they don’t know how to immediately apply the concept to other functions or tasks that share the same conceptual ideation
What are the advances in information processing skills in middle childhood?
- memory function continues to improve
- processing efficiency
- automaticity
- executive processes
- expertise
What is processing efficiency?
- ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity increases steadily with age
- Cognitive processing gets faster
- Improves with myelination
What is automaticity?
- ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity is achieved through practice
- Frees up short-term memory space for more complex processing
- Skills are becoming more automatic
What is executive processes?
Information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems are based on knowing how the mind works
What is expertise?
- more knowledge a person has about a topic, the more efficiently their information-processing system work will work, despite age
- Advanced skill in one area does not improve general levels of memory or reasoning
What are some common information processing strategies used in remembering?
- rehearsal
- organization
- elaboration
- mnemonic
- systemic searching
What is the development of language for middle childhood?
- By age 5 or 6, children master the basic grammar and pronunciation of their native language
- learn to maintain the topic of conversation, create unambiguous sentences, and to speak politely or persuasively
- continue to add new vocabulary at the rate of 5,000 to 10,000 words per year
- age 8 or 9, the child shifts to a new level of understanding of the structure of language, figuring out relationships between whole categories of words, such as between adjectives and adverbs
- way they talk can change from person to person
What is an achievement test?
a test deigned to assess specific information learned in school
What is an assessment?
formal and informal methods of gathering information that can be used for programming to improve student learning (no grades or marks associated with assessment)
