Cognition, Memory, Lang. & Emotion Flashcards
what is crystallized intelligence & example
Crystallized intelligence involves the use of previously-learned knowledge, skills, and experience.
An experienced accountant fills out several financial statements over the course of an hour. (In this example, the accountant uses his accounting knowledge to perform tasks quickly.)
Fluid Intelligence
logic and reasoning are applied to novel situations.
Ex: An 18-year-old man visits France for the first time, buys a map at a local store, and uses it to navigate Paris. or A doctor sees a patient with a variety of strange symptoms. Using logic and deductive reasoning, he accurately diagnoses her with a very rare disease.
Crystallize Intelligence develops with age.
True or False?
As crystallized intelligence develops with age, it would not yet be seen in a toddler learning to walk.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:
The conventional stage of morality?
characterized by conformity to social rules and a desire to maintain social order.
Ex:A young man never speeds when driving his car because he thinks that people should abide by the rules of the law, and that if everyone drove too fast, the roads would not be safe. (In this case, the young man refuses to speed due to the law (a set of social rules) and the idea that speeding would create unsafe driving conditions)
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:
Preconventional stage of moral development.
In this stage, people (often young) mainly care about the consequences of morally questionable actions.
Ex:A teenager refuses to join his friends in painting graffiti on a public building because he’s afraid he will get caught.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:
Postconventional stage
marked by higher-level reasoning and a concern for universal human ethics.
Ex:A college student believes that every woman should have the right to an abortion because she thinks that control over one’s body is a fundamental human right.
or A man participates in a gay pride parade even though he does not identify as gay because he believes that everyone has the right to express and be themselves.
According to Vygotsky, a person learning a skill in his “zone of proximal development”
Requires the help of a more knowledgeable other to continue learning. This “other” is an individual who has already mastered the skill and is willing to assist the person in his own learning.
The psychologist who proposed the existence of multiple intelligences, including bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal intelligence, is
Howard Gardner
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, when proposed in 1983, delineated eight distinct forms of intelligence. These include bodily-kinesthetic, visual-spatial, inter- and intrapersonal, naturalistic, logical-mathematical, musical-rhythmic, and verbal-linguistic intelligence.
Sternberg was known for
was the main proponent of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Spearman is associated with
the two-factor theory of intelligence, which includes the g and s factors.
When debugging a program, a software engineer attempts every possible “fix” that he can imagine until he finds a working solution. This an example of which type of problem-solving method?
Trial and error
Trial & Error
Trial and error is the process of attempting multiple solutions until a workable one is found. This tactic is typically most effective when only a limited number of potential solutions exist.
An algorithm is
An algorithm, in essence, is a specific formula used to solve a problem.
When a person exhibits confirmation bias, they
disproportionately values information that agrees with his point of view. Similarly, he tends to ignore or undervalue facts that contradict this viewpoint.
Ex:A group of students is immersed in a debate regarding a proposed tax increase. Assuming that these individuals fall victim to confirmation bias, The majority of the students would maintain their original opinions and even begin to feel more strongly. (Here, the debaters will likely listen mainly to points that align with their preconceived notions, causing their opinions to remain unchanged.)
Heuristic Affect
is a heuristic, a mental shortcut that allows people to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently, in which current emotion—fear, pleasure, surprise, etc. —influences decisions.
