Cognition/intellect Flashcards
Visuospatial function
parietal lobe (R/L)
visuoconstruction
visuoperception
visuoorientation
Visuospatial function deficits
getting lost in familiar environments
visual distortions
agnosias
distortion: oscillopsia, macropsia
Executive function location
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
posterior parietal lobe
Social cognition location
insular cortex
orbitofrontal cortex - response inhibition
anterior cingulate -drive, motivation
Dementia
impaired cognition impaired function not related to a medical condition/medication decline from previous function not related to learning disability
Examples of dementia
Alzheimer's vascular Lewy Body Frontotemporal Parkinson's disease Huntington's
Neuropathology of dementia
misfolded proteins
Alzheimer’s - beta amyloid
Parkinson’s/lewy body
Selective vulnerability to dementia
certain protein aggregates have affinity to certain anatomic regions
Cell death/dysfunction in those regions
does not work 100% of the time
DDx for corticobasilar syndrome
Recall neuroanatomy
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Attention/working memory neuroanatomy
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
posterior parietal lobe
Language neuroanatomy
Primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s
Broca’s
Pentagon test neuroanatomy
parietal
visual cortex
inferior temporal lobes
3 step command test neuroanatomy
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
MOCA
screening
more difficult
better at picking up mild cognitive impairment - 80% sensitivity
Orientation to time/place brain area
temporal
frontal
Orientation to time/place in dementia
impaired relatively late in course of dementia
Orientation to person brain area
SELF: medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex
OTHERS: fusiform gyrus (occipitltemporal gyrus) in temporal lobe
Orientation to person in dementia
impaired very late
Immediate recall impairment brain area
Wernicke, Broca, Arcuate fasciculus
Immediate recall impairment in dementia
FTD > AD
Delayed recall (2-3 min) impairment brain area
Hippocampus
medial temporal lobe (high density of NFT, NP)
Delayed recall impairment in dementia
AD > FTD
AD –> rapid rate of forgetting for 10 minutes
Spelling brain area
prefrontal frontal dorsolateral inferior dorsolateral inferior parietal cingulate gyrus
Spelling impairment in dementia
AD > FTD
Calculation brain area
prefrontal
frontal dorsolateral
left parietal
cingulate gyrus
Calculation impairent in dementia
AD > FTD > VASC
Perseveration/inability to shift attention/tasks brain area
frontal lobe
perseveration/shifting attention/tasks impairment in dementia
FTD > AD
Naming brain area
L Temporal
Parietal
Naming impairment in dementia
VASC > AD > FTD
Repetition impairment brain area
Wernicke
Broca
Arcuate fasciculus
repetition impairment in dementia
VASC > AD > FTD
3-step command brain area
temporal
frontal
premotor
reading and comprehension brain area
L parietal
temporal
Writing brain area
L parietal
3-step command, reading/comprehension, writing impairment in dementia
variable
Copy design brain area
R parietal
Basal ganglia with projections to prefrontal cortex
Copy design impairment in dementia
DLB = DPD > VASC > AD> FTD
Vasc: visuospatial impairment > then delayed recall (2-3 min)
Abstract thinking brain area
frontal
prefrontal
Abstract thinking impairment in dmentia
FTD > AD
Trail making test A
R-sided lesions
frontal
parietal
Train making test B
L-sided lesions
frontal
parietal
Trail making test impairment in dementia
FTD > AD
verbal fluency brain area
frontal
prefrontal
verbal fluency impairment in dementia
FTD > AD
R-L orientation brain area
L parietal
R-L orientation impairment in dementia
VASC > AD
Clock drawing test
Comprehension: temporal Planning/sequencing/organizing: frontal Constructional ability: R-parietal Praxis: L parietal Visual processing: occipital
Clock drawing test impairment in dementia
AD > Vascular
