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Physiology > Cognition & Emotion > Flashcards

Cognition & Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

sensori-neural encoding of incoming physical information

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

transforming and interpreting sensory information to construct meaningful percepts

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3
Q

Define Cognition?

A
  • From Latin cognoso - to know
  • Term has various usages depending on the field of study and context:
    • Cognitive Science, Neuropsychology: broad term of information processing and application of knowledge
    • Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology: thoughts and internal dialogue.
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4
Q

What are some examples of cognition?

A
  • Some examples include memory, speed of information processing, language, planning, problem solving and attention
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5
Q

Why study cognition?

A
  • Cognition can inform diagnoses such as key symptoms/signs in some neurological presentations
    • focus on localisation model of cognition
  • It also gives a better understanding of how to work with the patient by assessing how they best understand, remember, take on board strategies, managment of medical conditions etc. which overall improves the patient outcome.
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6
Q

What is meant by the localisation of function?

A
  • Structure/Function relationship is one to one and cognition breaks down in specific ways when the brain is damaged
    • Lesion studies in animals have shown this as well as case studies in humans
    • More recently, neuroimaging has linked specific structures to cognition
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7
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and what is their function?

A

The Four lobes of each hemisphere:

  • Frontal: planning, execution and regulation of behaviour
  • Temporal: audition, language, music, memory and emotion
  • Parietal: somatic and visuospatial representations
  • Occipital: vision
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8
Q

What is he function of the frontal lobe?

A

Frontal: planning, execution and regulation of behaviour

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9
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Temporal: audition, language, music, memory and emotion

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10
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Parietal: somatic and visuospatial representations

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11
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Occipital: vision

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12
Q

Explain what is meant by lateralisation of function?

A
  • Left Hemisphere specialisation for language; Right hemisphere specialisation for visuospatial functioning
    • 95% of right handers and 70% of left handers have left dominant language
  • Oversimplification of complex phenomenon
    • Rare for ‘absolute’ specialisation
    • Individual differences
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13
Q

What units is Luria’s brain behaviour theory based upon?

A

Three basic units of the CNS:

  1. Regulation of arousal and muscle tone: brainstem and associated areas
  2. Reception, integration and analysis of sensory information: posterior cortical regions
  3. Planning, executing and verifying behaviour: frontal and prefrontal lobes
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14
Q

What are Lurias cortical Zones in the posterior region?

A

Primary Zones:
• high modal specificity
• topological organisation
• predominant afferent layer IV

Secondary Zones:
• perception or ‘gnosis’
• decreased modal specificity
• predominant layers II and III

Tertiary Zones:
•	integrate across sense modalities
•	'supramodal' (association cortex)
•	predominant upper cortical layers
•	mature ~7 yrs of age
•	only evident in humans
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15
Q

What are Luria’s cortical zones in the anterior aspect?

A

Primary Zones:
• Motor cortex (M1)
• topological organisation
• execution of movement

Secondary Zones:
• Premotor cortex
• Organisation of movement

Tertiary Zones:
•	Prefrontal cortex
•	Planning goal-directed activities
•	Intent and hebaviour programming
•	Self-monitoring and regulation
•	Cortical alertness
•	Most developed in Humans
•	Mature ~adolescence
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16
Q

What is a downfall of Luria’s theory?

A
  • HOWEVER, some cognitive domains do not have one-to-one structural relationships such as speed of information processing
  • Think of systems or networks for each cognitive domain
    • disruption to any point in the network may result in impairment
  • Traditionally it is more difficult to study these systems
    • frequently they are very complex and only theory based
    • advances in neuroimaging have helped identify some systems (diffusion tensor imaging)
17
Q

What is meant by pluripotentiality?

A
  • Each area of the brain operates in conjunction with other areas
  • No area is singly responsible for voluntary human behaviour
  • Each area may play a specific role in many behaviours
18
Q

What is behaviour?

A
  • Brain behaviour relations are the key to neuropsychological science:
    • Behaviour is based upon cognition (what we know about the world and how we think) and emotion (how we understand the world through our feelings)
  • Darwin hypothesised that emotion is older than thought through his findings that animals share emotional states with humans and that these basic emotions have adaptive significance.
19
Q

What is emotion?

A
  • Emotion is an inferred behavioural state
    • conscious, subjective feeling that is internal
    • infer affect from others based on behaviour (such as crying)
  • Psychophysiological state that incorporates conscious feelings, physiological arousal (such as change in heart rate) and cognition
20
Q

What is meant by core emotions?

A

Core Emotions:

  • Certain Core Emotions are culturally universal such as anger fer, sadness, disgust, happiness and are considered innate and involving ‘old brain’ structures
  • Complex emotions involve different combinations of these core emotions
  • The majority of research has focused on fear (anxiety) and sadness (depression)
21
Q

Explain the limbic system? What are some components?

A

The limbic System:

  • originally identified by Broca (1878) and Papez (1937) as a circuit of structures including the hippocampus, cingulate, and hypothalamus
  • McLean (1969) renamed it the limbic system and identified that it included the amygdala, septal area, nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex.
22
Q

What are some features of the amygdala? Explain Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

A

Amygdala:

  • Klüver-Bucy syndrome:
    • Behavioural syndrome from bilateral anterior temporal lobectomy
    • Includes tameness or loss of fear
  • Implicit emotional learning
  • Clinically: structural and functional imaging studies show amygdala dysfunction related to depression and anxiety
23
Q

What are some features of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex:

  • Identification and expression of emotion
    • Lesions result in reduced facial expression and affect
    • Possible laterality effect – right lesions worse than left
  • Reduced OFC volume found in patients with disorders of affect eg. depression
24
Q

What are some features of the hippocampus?

A

Hippocampus:
- Although part of original ‘limbic system’ relatively neglected structure in emotion research until recently
- Linked to affective disorders
- Imaging studies show hippocampal volume reduction in depression
- Core structure that links serotonin abnormalities and stress hypotheses of
depression

25
Q

What is the James Lange theory of emotion and cognition?

A

James Lange Theory:
We experience emotion in response to physiological changes
- We feel sad because we cry, happy because we smile

26
Q

What is the Cannon Bard Theory of emotion and cognition?

A

Cannon Bard Theory:

  • Can experience emotion without expressing it physically eg. in case of spinal cord lesions
  • Physiological changes are not unique to specific emotions
27
Q

Is Cognition essential to experiencing an affective response?

A

Zajonc (1984): “affect and cognition are separate and partially independent systems and…although they ordinarily function conjointly, affect could be generated without a prior cognitive process.”

28
Q

What is the cognitive appraisal suggested by Lazarus in 1982?

A

Cognitive appraisal (Lazarus, 1982):

  • Cognitive processing is integral to emotional states, and cognitive appraisal directly impacts the physiological stress response
  • Cognitive appraisal can influence the type of emotional response
29
Q

Explain the concept of psychological interventions

A

Psychological interventions:

  • reduce physiological response and tackle cognitive underpinnings
    • Eg relaxation and cognitive behavioural therapy

Physiology (28 decks)

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