Cognition And Development Flashcards
Piaget- What is cognitive development ?
A general term that describes the development of mental processes in particular thinking, reasoning and a persons understanding of the world.
Piaget- What are schema?
Schemas contain the understanding of an object, person or idea. They are mental frameworks or beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing.
Piaget- What is assimilation?
A form of learning that takes place when new information is acquired or there is a more advanced understanding of an object, person or idea. Information can be incorporated into an existing schema.
Piaget- What is accommodation?
Learning that takes place when new information is acquired that radically changes understanding of a topic. New schemas need to be formed to deal with this knowledge
Piaget- What is equilibrium?
A state of balance. This is a ‘pleasant’ feeling.
Piaget- What is disequilibrium?
A state of unbalance. This is an unpleasant feeling. It motivates a return to equilibrium.
Piaget- What is Equilibration?
This takes place when new information is encountered and built h to the understanding of a topic, by assimilating it into an existing schema or by building a new one.
Piaget- What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched.
Piaget- What is conservation?
The ability to realise that quantity remains the same even when the appearance of an object or group of objects changes.
Piaget- What is egocentrism?
The child’s tendency to only be able to see the world from their own point of view.
Piaget- What is class inclusion?
An advanced skill where children can recognise that classes of objects have subsets. Where an object can fit into one category as well as a larger category. ( Labrador is a dog aswell as an animal)
Vygotsky- What is the zone of proximal development ?
The gap between a child’s current level of development, defined by the cognitive tasks they can perform unaided, and what they can potentially do with the right help of others.
Vygotsky- What is scaffolding?
The process of helping a learner cross the ZPD and advance as much as they can given their stage of development.
Baillargeon- What is Knowledge of the the physical world ?
This refers to understanding how the physical world works. An example is object permanence understanding that objects continue to exist when they leave the visual field.
Baillargeon- what is the nativist approach?
A theory that’s suggests humans are born with innate abilities
Baillargeon- what is the Physical Reasoning System (PRS)?
An innate system that provides a framework for reasoning about the displacements and interactions of physical objects
Baillargeon- What is Violation of Expectation (VoE)?
An approach to investigating infants knowledge of the world. The idea that if children understand how the physical world works then they will expect certain things to happen in situations.
Selman- what is social cognition?
This deprives the mental processes individuals make use of when engaged in social interaction. Both the understanding and the decision making are cognitive processes.
Selman- what is perspective taking?
An individuals ability to appreciate a social situation from the perspective of other people. This cognitive ability underlines typical social interaction.
Theory of mind (ToM).
The personal understanding of what other people are thinking and feeling. It is sometimes called ‘mind-reading’.
Autism.
More correctly called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is and umbrella term for a wide range of behaviours. All disorders in the spectrum have differences in three main areas: empathy, social communication, social imagination
Sally-Anne study
A study used to test ToM. To understand the story participants, must identify that Sally will look for the marble in the wrong place as she will not know that Anne had moved it.
What is mirror neurone system?
The mirror neurone system is distributed in several areas of the brain. Mirror neurones are unique because they fire both in response to personal action and in response to action in the part of others.
