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Psyc 270 > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

lateralization

A

Division of labor between the 2 hemispheres

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2
Q

In most people, the____ side is specialized for language- especially language production

A

left

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3
Q

Each hemisphere is generally connected to the __________ side of the body (e.g. skin receptors and muscles)

A

contralateral

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4
Q

axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain at the

A

optic chiasm

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5
Q

Both hemispheres control the, and get uncrossed info from

A

trunk muscles and facial muscles, Taste and smell

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6
Q

lateralization of auditory info

A

Each hemisphere gets auditory information from both ears but slightly stronger information from the contralateral ear
Each ear sends the information to both sides of the brain because any brain area that contributes to localizing sounds must compare input form both ears
Each hemisphere does pay more attention to the ear on the opposite side

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7
Q

planum temporale

A

One side of section of the temporal cortex, the planum temporale is larger in the left hemisphere for 65% of people

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8
Q

People with damage to the __hemisphere usually fail to understand humor and sarcasm

A

right

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9
Q

When people were tested with _____hemisphere inactivated, they could still describe any of the sad, frightening or irritating events they had experienced in life but they remembered only facts not the emotion

A

right

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10
Q

Visual Connections to the Hemispheres; how is light shone onto the side of retinas of each eye

A

Light from the right half of the visual field shines onto the left half of both retinas
Light form the left half of the visual field shines onto the right half of both retinas

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11
Q

how are the axons divided in each retina

A

Half of the axons from each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm
Half of the axons from each retina do NOT cross
each hemisphere of the brain gets input from the opposite half of the visual field

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12
Q

Epilepsy

A

repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity (seizures)
Can result from mutation in GABA receptor gene, brain tumor, etc.
Usually has focal point which can spread to both sides of brain which can be very dangerous
There are medications now and transcranial magnetic stimulation, or hormonal manipulations as estrogens can increase risk of seizures- aromatase inhibitor can be used
More than 90% of patients with epilepsy respond well to anti-epileptic drugs
Epilieptic activity rebounds back and forth between the hemispheres and prolongs a seizure may not develop at all

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13
Q

how did doctors prevent seizures from spreading to both sides of the brain in the past

A

cut the corpus callosum to prevent the seizure from spreading to the opposite side of the brain to contain as an option of last resort
Or remove the brain tissue of the focal point
Removing the focus is not an option if someone has several foci, or the focus is an area considered essential for language

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14
Q

split -brain people maintain normal intellect and motivation but they tend to:

A

Use hands independently in ways others cannot
They struggle to use the hands together on tasks that they have not previously practiced on
Corpus callosum does not heal
Responds differently to stimuli presented to only one side of the body

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15
Q

most split brain people have difficulty:

A

have difficulty naming objects briefly viewed in the left visual field; fixate on point (right between the word hat and band), and quickly flash words on the left side (right side sees HAT and left side sees BAND)- 2 sides of the brain cannot exchange information. Then asked to write with the right hand (controlled by the left hemisphere) write what you saw and they would write BAND as they saw on the left hemisphere. If they asked to point with left hand (controlled by right hemisphere) to what item they saw, they would point to the hat.
Like 2 brains
Right visual field, goes to left side of brain and goes to right hand

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16
Q

Interpreter

A

the tendency of the left hemisphere to invent and defend explanations for actions even when the true causes are unconscious

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17
Q

Smaller subcortical commissures and split brain patients

A

Anterior: smaller
Hippocampal commissure
Redundancy which allow for resilience so one commissure can partly compensate for the corpus callosum
Smaller commissures allow for slower response possibly
The brain later learns to use the smaller connections after some time - plasticity but never perfect
Integrating information between both hemispheres remains difficult even with smaller commissures

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18
Q

Integration is partial compensation but not fully

with smaller commissures example

A

“Hot dog” would be a dog on fire and while we would draw a sausage; information is not integrated properly between brain hemispheres

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19
Q

____ hemisphere is better at perceiving emotions of other people

A

Right

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20
Q

Damage to parts of the right hemisphere causes difficulty in

A

perceiving others’ emotions, failure to understand humor and sarcasm, monotone voice, difficulty with spatial relationships and overall patterns

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21
Q

Research suggested that children younger than 6 do not have a ____________; it is present but the transmission is not as quick or strong

A

mature corpus callosum

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22
Q

evidence that children under 6 do not mature corpus callosum

A

A hat inside a box so they cannot see but have to name it; they may have trouble with naming the hat that they feel with their left hand as the information goes to the right side and there may be a delay to say that is a hat. Whereas if they were to feel with their right hand, they are able to name the hat quicker

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23
Q

Productivity

A

novel sentences to be original with wording while other animals lack that productivity/originality; its ability to improvise to combinations of signals to represent new ideas

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24
Q

Learning by ___________ as humans do promote better language understanding than formal training methods of previous studies

A

observation and imitations

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25
Q

Parts of dogs ____ hemisphere responds to meaningful words regardless of the tone of voice, the _____hemisphere responds to the intonation which often indicate emotion

A

left, right

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26
Q

Williams syndrome

A

traceable to the loss of a gene that influences connections in the brain
Affected people are poor at tasks related to numbers, visuomotor skills (copying a drawing) and spatial perception (finding their way home)
They show poor planning , frequent lapses of attention, and difficulty inhibiting inappropriate responses
Require supervision and have trouble with simple jobs
Many speak grammatically and fluently but not perfectly as grammar is awkward like that of someone learning a second language late in life and often use fancy words when common words would work better
show good ability to clap a complex rhythm and memorize songs
Good ability to interpret facial expression of emotions

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27
Q

Peter marler did study on (white-crowned sparrows) and he could hear the differences in sounds and he recorded them and created a sonogram.

A

Raised male WCSP in soundproof chambers in lab to control what they hear
These males adults produced songs that barely resembled normal WCSP songs
Experience works with genetics to create song
had a memory of the song that they could recall in 150days of age to produce a good copy of song with minimal exposure
Genetics: determining critical learning period for learning and defining what sounds can be learned

28
Q

song production mechanism in sparrows

A

Song output is patterned in HVC (motor cortex), which projects to RA, which projects to the brainstem (nXIIts- part of cranial nerves), which controls muscles of the syrinx (vocal organ) to produce sound
If we lesion HVC, the animal looks like it wants to sing but cannot control muscles of syrinx and cannot produce a sound

29
Q

song learning mechanism in sparrows

A

Auditory information is sent to the anterior forebrain (IMAN & Area X) and stored for months to compare the sound to a template to fine tune the song. Tutor song and the bird’s own song are compared. These regions are connected to production circuit to influence motor control

30
Q

how did researchers determine the circuit for song production and track tracing neuroanatomy

A

This information was found through (chemical or lesion study) inhibition to learn what regions do in terms of song production and learning. Track tracing to know neuroanatomy.

31
Q

Learning of a second language differs as a function of age

A

Children excel at learning pronunciation and grammar

Adults are better at memorizing vocabulary

32
Q

People who learn a second language from a young age (before 6) vs. people who learn a second language after 6
Differences in brain activity during speech

A

At younger age, bilateral activation for both languages during speech for both languages and stronger than average connections between hemispheres
While after the age of 6, language activation in generally the left hemisphere and generally same region activated for the native language
Second language depends on the same brain areas as the first language

33
Q

Deaf children (born to parents who are not deaf) unable to learn spoken language and not given the opportunity to learn sign language while young:

A

Little development of skill at any language later in life
May be able to get cochlear implant and hear later in life
If learning opportunities comes too late, then those children will have poor language development even when given a cochlear implant

34
Q

Broca’s area

A

part of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral cortex near the motor cortex (stroke) - important for the production of language
fMRI: one of the areas with more activation when people are speaking
Broca’s area helps to organize speech but it doesn’t produce it

35
Q

damage to Broca’s area

A

aphasia nearly always found damage that included this broca’s area
Damage limited to that area produces only minor or brief language impairments

36
Q

When reading a word aloud, what are the brain mechanisms at play?

A

looking at the word activates your visual system which then exchanges information with Broca’s area which then exchanges information with your motor cortex; while you say the word, the motor cortex controls the output and Broca’s area remains silent

37
Q

Aphasia

A

condition in which there is severe language impairment; there are different kinds of aphasia

38
Q

Broca’s aphasia/ nonfluent aphasia

A

serious impairment in language production, but they can understand what is said.
Omission of most pronouns, prepositions, conjugations, auxiliary verbs, tense, and number endings during speech production
Trouble pertains to word meanings not just pronunciations
Trouble writing or sign language so impairment in language not just speech
Symptoms and brain damage varies and damage generally extends beyond the cortex into the thalamus, and basal ganglia
Broca’s area seems critical for the understanding some aspects of grammar

39
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

important for comprehension of language; is an area of the brain located near the auditory part of the left cerebral cortex

40
Q

Wernicke’s/ fluent aphasia

A

is characterized by impaired language comprehension and ability to remember the names of objects
they make up for this by substituting one name for another and the use of roundabout expressions
articulate/fluent speech except with pauses to find the right word
Poor language comprehension: difficulty understanding spoken and written speech and sign language (especially nouns and verbs)
Also depends on connections to other areas (e.g. reading the word lick activates not only the wernicke’s area but part of the motor cortex important for moving the tongue); when you think about an action word, you imagine doing it

41
Q

anomia

A

difficulty recalling the names of objects

42
Q

Dyslexia

A

Specific impairment in reading in someone with adequate vision, motivation, cognitive skills, and educational opportunity
Common in boys than girls, linked to several identified genes
parts of the temporal cortex larger in the right hemisphere than in the left
Problem with how brain handles auditory information not a problem with the auditory information itself- and smaller number have impaired control of eye movements
Dysphonetic dyslexia and dyseidetic dyslexia are categories although many people do not fit neatly in either category
poor auditory memory

43
Q

dysphonetic dyslexia

A

trouble sounding out words and try to memorize each word as a whole and when they do not recognize the word, they guess based on context

44
Q

Dyseidetic dyslexia

A

sound out words well enough but fail to recognize the word as a whole; they read slowly and have trouble with irregularly spelled words

45
Q

Weaker than normal connections between the auditory cortex and broca’s area
Abnormalities in their attention
Difficulties when letters are too crowded together
Trouble detecting temporal order of sounds such as noticing the difference between beep-click-buzz and beep-buzz-click
are all characteristics of_________

A

Dyslexia

46
Q

dualism

A

the belief that the mind and body exist separately; Nearly all current philosophers and neuroscientists reject dualism as it conflicts one of the cornerstones of physics, known as the law of conservation and energy

47
Q

Various forms of monism in the following categories

A
  1. Materialism: the view that everything that exists is material or physical; mental events do not exist at all.
  2. Mentalism: the view that only minds really exist and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it
  3. Identity position: the view that mental processes are the same thing, described in different terms; mind is brain activity, just as fire is not a thing but what happens to something
48
Q

flash suppression

A

Suppose you clearly see a yellow dot; then although the dot remains on the screen, other dots around it flash on and off. While they are flashing, you do not see the stationary dot
A yellow dot and then some blue dots all around it start moving rapidly; they grab your attention so strongly that you have trouble seeing the yellow dot; in fact, it seems to disappear for a few seconds, then reappear, then disappear and back and forth

49
Q

Masking

A

a brief visual stimulus is preceded and followed by longer interfering stimuli

50
Q

backward masking

A

Researchers present just the brief stimulus and longer one after it in which case the procedure

51
Q

Conscious conditions

A

the activity spread to additional brain areas including the prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex, which amplify the signal and reflect it back to the visual cortex

52
Q

For people with damage to the _______ a visual stimulus has to last longer before it becomes conscious relative to other people

A

prefrontal cortex

53
Q

_______synchronizes response for neurons in various brain areas

A

Conscious stimulus

54
Q

The data imply that consciousness of a stimulus depends on the amount and spread of

A

brain activity

55
Q

Binocular rivalry

A

gradual, sweeping from one side to another; shifting attention from one image to another

56
Q

threshold to consciousness

A

When stimulus activates enough neurons to a sufficient extent, the activity invertebrates, magnifies, and extends over much of the brain
If a stimulus fails to reach that level, the pattern fades away

57
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

if you see a dot in one position alternating with a similar dot nearby, it will appear that the dot is moving back and forth
You perceived it as moving from one position to the second position; in other words the second position changed your perception of what occurred before it
We are capable of becoming conscious of something after it is gone; your brain held it in reserve and capable of activating it after the fact

58
Q

Loss of consciousness was marked by

A

decreases overall activity and especially by decreased connectivity between the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia

59
Q

Vegetative state

A

Vegetative state alternate between sleep and greater arousal even in their most aroused state they show no purposeful behaviors
fMRI record brain activity in young woman who was in a persistent vegative state
When she was told to imagine playing tennis, the fMRI showed increase activity in the motor areas of her cortex similar to healthy volunteers

60
Q

Brief magnetic stimulation to activate a localized brain area, EEG to observe the spread of activity

A

The activity spread locally in anesthetized people, sleeping people, and most people in a vegetative state
It spread more widely for people in a minimally conscious state
Method offers potentially quick way to probe for consciousness in a responsive person

61
Q

Inattentional blindness or change blindness

A

if something in a complex scene changes slowly or changes while you blink your eyes you probably will not notice it unless you are paying attention to the particular item that changes

62
Q

bottom-up attention

A

A bottom-up process depends on the stimulus: When suddenly a deer runs past you, it grabs your attention

63
Q

top-down attention

A

A top-down process is intentional: looking for someone in a crowd
Sometimes a top down process overrules a bottom-up processes
Deliberate top-down direction of attention depends on parts of the prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex
Direct attention by facilitating responsiveness in parts of the thalamus which in turn increase the activation of appropriate areas of the sensory cortex increasing activity

64
Q

Stroop effect:

A

the difficulty of ignoring words and saying the color of ink (saying the color of the ink and ignoring the words; red blue green grey)

65
Q

On trials when activity was enhanced in the__________at the start of the trial- before seeing the stimulus- people did best at ignoring the red square and thereby resisting distraction; __________ is important for attention

A

middle frontal gyrus (part of the prefrontal cortex), prefrontal cortex

66
Q

spatial neglect

A

Damage to the right hemisphere show spatial neglect- a tendency to ignore the left side of the body, the left side of objects, much of what they hear in the left ear and much what they feel in the left hand especially in the presence of competing sensation of the right side
Damage to the left hemisphere seldom produces significant neglect of the right side
Neglect is not due to a loss of sensation but a difficulty in directing attention to the left side

Psyc 270 (3 decks)

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