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Y4 > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Reference for study on dog salivation

A

(Pavlov, 1902)

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2
Q

Reference for cats in puzzle boxes ?

A

(Thorndike 1905)

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3
Q

Little Albert study reference

A

(Watson, 1920)

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4
Q

Operant procedures

A

Skinner 1953

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5
Q

Scheduels of reinforcement

A

Skinner 1957

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6
Q

Little Peter reference

A

Cover-jones 1924

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7
Q

Dual process theory reference

A

Groves and Thompson 1970

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8
Q

What is animal cognition ?

A

Cognition, includes all ways in which animals take in information through the senses, process, retain and decide to act on it

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9
Q

What is animal intelligence?

A

The various abilities of non human animals to solve problems in their environment through mechanisms of learning and animal cognition

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10
Q

The nervous system is made up of ….

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

The central nervous system is made up of…

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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12
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of …

A

Somatic - sensation and somatic muscles
and autonomic - smooth muscles

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13
Q

The autonomic (smooth muscles) are part of the peripheral nervous system. They are made up off….

A

Sympathetic - flight or fight responce

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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14
Q

How does information get transmitted

A

Sensory imput - Monitors external and internal changes in the environment

Integration - processes and collates the information

Motor output- signals effectpr organs to make the appropriate adaptive reponce

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15
Q

What is the Telencephalon or the Cerebrum?

A

Largest bit of the brain
Oviod shape formed in 2 specular hemispheres, separated by median longitudinal fissure
Frontal (motor)
Parietal (sensory)
Occipital (visual)
Temporal (auditory)
Olfactory (smell)

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16
Q

What was aristotles idea about animal intelligence (384-322 BCE)

A

Number of legs
The presence of blood and cardiocentrism
The heart was at the center and due to stimuli it would change the flow of blood which mechanically moved the limbs in the desired way

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17
Q

Rene descartes 1596-1650 famous quote and opinion of animal intelligence

A

“I think therefore I am”

Found similarities in human and animal minds but beloved only humans are capable of reason and intelligence

Speech is required for thoughts, animals lack this

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18
Q

What ideas did Charles Darwin 1809-1882 have ?

A

Continuity between species
Desent with modification
Natural selection
Differences in mental characteristics due to selection

Emotions and intellectual capabilities are seen in other animals and had to slowly develop over species for us to get them
Dreams in dogs?

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19
Q

Who was clever hans?

A

A maths teacher called wilhelmshaven von osten trained his horse hans to answer maths questions by tapping on the ground- visual queues were used to give hans the answers

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20
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Thorndike, pavlov, Watson, amd skinner

American school of thought- stimuli , reposmces and their association change existing behavior and make new behavior

Animals are machines

Laboratory settings

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21
Q

What is ethology ?

A

Europe

Study of behavior in natural environment

Karl von Fritsch , konrad lorentz and niko tinburgen- all influenced by dawinian theory of evolution

Imprinting, social learning , song learning

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22
Q

Who was Niko tinbergen ? 1907-1988

A

Dutch ethologist, developed 4 questions to analyse behavior
Mechanism (causation), ontogeny (development) , adaptive value (function), phylogeny (evolution)

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23
Q

What are some different types of learning?

A

Simple non associative learning

Associative learning

Spatial learning

Perceptual learning

Complex learning

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24
Q

What is simple learning ?

A

Habituation - decrease in responsiveness produced by repeated simulation

Sensitisation -increase in responsiveness produced by repeated stimulation

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25
Q

What is associative learning (conditioning)

A

Classical conditioning- elicitation of conditioned responce by association of a conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus eg. Pavlovs dogs or little Albert

Operant (or instrumental ) conditioning

Emission of a behavioral reponce by association of such reponce to a reinforcer eg. Thorndikes puzzle box

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26
Q

What are the parts of an S R O learning model

A

Stimulus (simple learning)

Stimulus- Responce = classical conditioning

Stimulus + reponce - outcome = operant conditioning

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27
Q

What is spatial learning?

A

How animals relate to their environment and surroundings

To find food, reach home, avoid preditiors

Maze learning - utilisation of location of external landmarks (no conditioning)

Navigation - untlislation of relative position of landmarks and special senses

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28
Q

What is Perceptual learning

A

Observational learning or imitation

Animal watches conspecific doing a behavior and repeats it
Song learning is a form of this

Imprinting - social attachment of precocious offspring

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29
Q

What is Complex learning ?

A

Problem solving
Discrimination of abstract stimuli
Rule learning
Language learning

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30
Q

Examples of an elicited behavior (reflex)

A

Pain aversion
Flexor reflex
Corneal reflex
Gagging
Sneezing

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31
Q

What is a Modal Action pattern MAP

A

Instinctive sequence of behavioral responses
Triggered by a stimulus
Independent from learning
Must continue once initiated
Hard wired

32
Q

What is classical conditioning ?

A

Conditioning capitalises on the association of two or more stimuli thanks to relation of cause and effect induced on a subject

33
Q

What is acquisition? In terms of classical conditioning

A

The process that establishes or strengthens the conditioned reponce. Eg. To keep ringing the bell when food is present to keep the dog salivating to the noise of the bell

34
Q

What does extinction mean? In terms of classical conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus leading to a decrease in the conditioned reponce

35
Q

What does spontaneous recovery mean? In terms of classical conditioning?

A

The temporary return of a previously extinguished conditioned responce

36
Q

What is autoshaping?

A

Its when an animal als believes that an action is related to an outcome and become self conditioned to do a conditioned reponce in order to get a unconditioned stimuli

37
Q

What did thorndike do?

A

Put starved cats into boxes, that could be opened via a leaver. When the cats got the boxes open they could be fed.

If a repomce to a stimulus is followed by a positive event the stimulus repomce association is strengthened.
If it is followed by an annoying event the stimulus responce association is weakened.

38
Q

What did skinner do?

A

Put rats in operant puzzle boxes, training them via operant conditioning to push a leaver for treats.

39
Q

What are the 4 types of instrumental or operant procedures

A

Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment

40
Q

What two forms of instrumental behavior training are we using when we give a dog treats for sitting and withhold treats when they fail to sit

A

Positive reforestation -giving good stimuli
Negative punishment- withholding good stimuli

41
Q

What type of reinfocemtn is it when they hit curuc lions untill they jump through a hoop

A

Negative reinforcement

When they remove the bad stimulus to increase the behavior

42
Q

What is instinctive drift

A

Reversion to a natural behavior or naturally occurring responce that deviates from human training

43
Q

What is learned helplessness

A

When animals give up

44
Q

Give an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

A

Money and clickers

45
Q

What is the best ratio sheduel to use when training

A

Variable ratio

46
Q

What are some different ratio schedules

A

Fixed interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio

47
Q

What is stimulus discrimination

A

The ability to respond differently to multiple stimuli

48
Q

What is an example of generalisation

A

Little Albert became afraid of all objects similar to the rat so had a generalised response to a bundle of cotton wool, a fur coat, a dog and a xmas mask

49
Q

IN discrimination training which operant procedures are used. If you want bued to peck at red circle and ignore blue box

A

Red circle gets positive reinforcement eg. Food

Blue box gets no food = negative punishment

50
Q

Stimulus discrimination =

A

The ability to respond differently to different stimuli

51
Q

Stimulus generalisation =

A

The ability of recognising similar stimuli and respond to them similarly

52
Q

Discrimination training =

A

Learning based on two stimuli eliciting opposite responces

53
Q

What is changing?

A

Behaviors are part of comex action sequences.
Adding new actions to the behavioral chain are implemented gradually and reinforced at the last action. Can be done forward or backward

54
Q

What is social learning

A

Animals in their natural environment can learn from their conspecifics through observation

55
Q

What is social learning

A

Animals in their natural environment can learn from their conspecifics through observation

56
Q

What is social facilitation ?

A

When animals engage in behaviors performed by conspecifics without learning something new or retaining information. Eg. Yawning , or when chickens eat dispite being full just because thry see other chickens eating

57
Q

What is immitation?

A

Repeating an observed behaviour to expect the same outcome

58
Q

What is the difference between true imitation and emulation

A

Emulation they learn from the demonstrator and adapt there behaviour to get the desired outcome. True imitation, thry copy exactly the demonstration

59
Q

What is a communication system

A

Transmission of information between individuals through the use of some type of signal emitted by a sender that can be responded to reliably by the receiver, always biologicaly relevant messages

60
Q

What is memory in an animal?

A

Process that allows animals to change their behavior based on stored information relative to a past experience

61
Q

What does short term memory do?

A

Working memory holds information currently being processed either from the environment or from long term memory

62
Q

What does long term memory do?

A

Referential memory stores acquired information and representations of facts and experienced events for long periods of time

63
Q

What type of memory does habituation rely on

A

Habituation work thanks to a form of short term retention of previous stimuli

64
Q

What is matching to sample ?

A

Matching to sample is a cognitive puzzle to test similarity recognition in animals, a sample is shown then two possible matches are presented, one of which is the right one.

65
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

It causes forgetting and is due to a distraction proor to the event

66
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

It causes forgetting and is caused by distraction after the event

67
Q

What are some reasons for forgetting

A

Spontaneous and gradual dispersion of information or decay

Animals have limited capacity to store information, new memories erase old memories

Animals forget intenetially via decision making

68
Q

How is olfactorn used to navigate

A

Scent trails are used by a wide range of species vai pheromones (intraspecigic semiochemicals) eg.ants use trailing pheromones, bears roll in urine and rub against trees

69
Q

How is vision used to navaigate

A

Dead reckoning - remembering thr location of the start pointand the dorection from current position (ants use this)

Sun compass is used via honey bees

Piloting - following spatial landmarks

70
Q

What was konrad lorentz theory

A

Imprinting occurred when animals form an attachment to the first thing they see upon hatching

71
Q

What was Karl von frisch theory

A

Honey bees danced to indicate the distance and location of food

72
Q

Reference
Playful activities after training improves memory and performance

A

(Affenzeller and Zulch, 2017)

73
Q

Reference
Scent detection for cancer operant training

A

(Crawford, 2022)

74
Q

Reference
Clicker training does not enhance learning in shelter puppies

A

(Dorey, et al,. 2020)

75
Q

Reference
Clever hans effect

A

(Edwards et al., 2017)

Y4 (1 decks)

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