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Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Reference for study on dog salivation

A

(Pavlov, 1902)

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2
Q

Reference for cats in puzzle boxes ?

A

(Thorndike 1905)

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3
Q

Little Albert study reference

A

(Watson, 1920)

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4
Q

Operant procedures

A

Skinner 1953

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5
Q

Scheduels of reinforcement

A

Skinner 1957

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6
Q

Little Peter reference

A

Cover-jones 1924

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7
Q

Dual process theory reference

A

Groves and Thompson 1970

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8
Q

What is animal cognition ?

A

Cognition, includes all ways in which animals take in information through the senses, process, retain and decide to act on it

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9
Q

What is animal intelligence?

A

The various abilities of non human animals to solve problems in their environment through mechanisms of learning and animal cognition

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10
Q

The nervous system is made up of ….

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

The central nervous system is made up of…

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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12
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of …

A

Somatic - sensation and somatic muscles
and autonomic - smooth muscles

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13
Q

The autonomic (smooth muscles) are part of the peripheral nervous system. They are made up off….

A

Sympathetic - flight or fight responce

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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14
Q

How does information get transmitted

A

Sensory imput - Monitors external and internal changes in the environment

Integration - processes and collates the information

Motor output- signals effectpr organs to make the appropriate adaptive reponce

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15
Q

What is the Telencephalon or the Cerebrum?

A

Largest bit of the brain
Oviod shape formed in 2 specular hemispheres, separated by median longitudinal fissure
Frontal (motor)
Parietal (sensory)
Occipital (visual)
Temporal (auditory)
Olfactory (smell)

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16
Q

What was aristotles idea about animal intelligence (384-322 BCE)

A

Number of legs
The presence of blood and cardiocentrism
The heart was at the center and due to stimuli it would change the flow of blood which mechanically moved the limbs in the desired way

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17
Q

Rene descartes 1596-1650 famous quote and opinion of animal intelligence

A

“I think therefore I am”

Found similarities in human and animal minds but beloved only humans are capable of reason and intelligence

Speech is required for thoughts, animals lack this

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18
Q

What ideas did Charles Darwin 1809-1882 have ?

A

Continuity between species
Desent with modification
Natural selection
Differences in mental characteristics due to selection

Emotions and intellectual capabilities are seen in other animals and had to slowly develop over species for us to get them
Dreams in dogs?

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19
Q

Who was clever hans?

A

A maths teacher called wilhelmshaven von osten trained his horse hans to answer maths questions by tapping on the ground- visual queues were used to give hans the answers

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20
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Thorndike, pavlov, Watson, amd skinner

American school of thought- stimuli , reposmces and their association change existing behavior and make new behavior

Animals are machines

Laboratory settings

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21
Q

What is ethology ?

A

Europe

Study of behavior in natural environment

Karl von Fritsch , konrad lorentz and niko tinburgen- all influenced by dawinian theory of evolution

Imprinting, social learning , song learning

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22
Q

Who was Niko tinbergen ? 1907-1988

A

Dutch ethologist, developed 4 questions to analyse behavior
Mechanism (causation), ontogeny (development) , adaptive value (function), phylogeny (evolution)

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23
Q

What are some different types of learning?

A

Simple non associative learning

Associative learning

Spatial learning

Perceptual learning

Complex learning

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24
Q

What is simple learning ?

A

Habituation - decrease in responsiveness produced by repeated simulation

Sensitisation -increase in responsiveness produced by repeated stimulation

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25
What is associative learning (conditioning)
Classical conditioning- elicitation of conditioned responce by association of a conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus eg. Pavlovs dogs or little Albert Operant (or instrumental ) conditioning Emission of a behavioral reponce by association of such reponce to a reinforcer eg. Thorndikes puzzle box
26
What are the parts of an S R O learning model
Stimulus (simple learning) Stimulus- Responce = classical conditioning Stimulus + reponce - outcome = operant conditioning
27
What is spatial learning?
How animals relate to their environment and surroundings To find food, reach home, avoid preditiors Maze learning - utilisation of location of external landmarks (no conditioning) Navigation - untlislation of relative position of landmarks and special senses
28
What is Perceptual learning
Observational learning or imitation Animal watches conspecific doing a behavior and repeats it Song learning is a form of this Imprinting - social attachment of precocious offspring
29
What is Complex learning ?
Problem solving Discrimination of abstract stimuli Rule learning Language learning
30
Examples of an elicited behavior (reflex)
Pain aversion Flexor reflex Corneal reflex Gagging Sneezing
31
What is a Modal Action pattern MAP
Instinctive sequence of behavioral responses Triggered by a stimulus Independent from learning Must continue once initiated Hard wired
32
What is classical conditioning ?
Conditioning capitalises on the association of two or more stimuli thanks to relation of cause and effect induced on a subject
33
What is acquisition? In terms of classical conditioning
The process that establishes or strengthens the conditioned reponce. Eg. To keep ringing the bell when food is present to keep the dog salivating to the noise of the bell
34
What does extinction mean? In terms of classical conditioning
The conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus leading to a decrease in the conditioned reponce
35
What does spontaneous recovery mean? In terms of classical conditioning?
The temporary return of a previously extinguished conditioned responce
36
What is autoshaping?
Its when an animal als believes that an action is related to an outcome and become self conditioned to do a conditioned reponce in order to get a unconditioned stimuli
37
What did thorndike do?
Put starved cats into boxes, that could be opened via a leaver. When the cats got the boxes open they could be fed. If a repomce to a stimulus is followed by a positive event the stimulus repomce association is strengthened. If it is followed by an annoying event the stimulus responce association is weakened.
38
What did skinner do?
Put rats in operant puzzle boxes, training them via operant conditioning to push a leaver for treats.
39
What are the 4 types of instrumental or operant procedures
Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment
40
What two forms of instrumental behavior training are we using when we give a dog treats for sitting and withhold treats when they fail to sit
Positive reforestation -giving good stimuli Negative punishment- withholding good stimuli
41
What type of reinfocemtn is it when they hit curuc lions untill they jump through a hoop
Negative reinforcement When they remove the bad stimulus to increase the behavior
42
What is instinctive drift
Reversion to a natural behavior or naturally occurring responce that deviates from human training
43
What is learned helplessness
When animals give up
44
Give an example of a conditioned reinforcer?
Money and clickers
45
What is the best ratio sheduel to use when training
Variable ratio
46
What are some different ratio schedules
Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio
47
What is stimulus discrimination
The ability to respond differently to multiple stimuli
48
What is an example of generalisation
Little Albert became afraid of all objects similar to the rat so had a generalised response to a bundle of cotton wool, a fur coat, a dog and a xmas mask
49
IN discrimination training which operant procedures are used. If you want bued to peck at red circle and ignore blue box
Red circle gets positive reinforcement eg. Food Blue box gets no food = negative punishment
50
Stimulus discrimination =
The ability to respond differently to different stimuli
51
Stimulus generalisation =
The ability of recognising similar stimuli and respond to them similarly
52
Discrimination training =
Learning based on two stimuli eliciting opposite responces
53
What is changing?
Behaviors are part of comex action sequences. Adding new actions to the behavioral chain are implemented gradually and reinforced at the last action. Can be done forward or backward
54
What is social learning
Animals in their natural environment can learn from their conspecifics through observation
55
What is social learning
Animals in their natural environment can learn from their conspecifics through observation
56
What is social facilitation ?
When animals engage in behaviors performed by conspecifics without learning something new or retaining information. Eg. Yawning , or when chickens eat dispite being full just because thry see other chickens eating
57
What is immitation?
Repeating an observed behaviour to expect the same outcome
58
What is the difference between true imitation and emulation
Emulation they learn from the demonstrator and adapt there behaviour to get the desired outcome. True imitation, thry copy exactly the demonstration
59
What is a communication system
Transmission of information between individuals through the use of some type of signal emitted by a sender that can be responded to reliably by the receiver, always biologicaly relevant messages
60
What is memory in an animal?
Process that allows animals to change their behavior based on stored information relative to a past experience
61
What does short term memory do?
Working memory holds information currently being processed either from the environment or from long term memory
62
What does long term memory do?
Referential memory stores acquired information and representations of facts and experienced events for long periods of time
63
What type of memory does habituation rely on
Habituation work thanks to a form of short term retention of previous stimuli
64
What is matching to sample ?
Matching to sample is a cognitive puzzle to test similarity recognition in animals, a sample is shown then two possible matches are presented, one of which is the right one.
65
What is proactive interference?
It causes forgetting and is due to a distraction proor to the event
66
What is retroactive interference?
It causes forgetting and is caused by distraction after the event
67
What are some reasons for forgetting
Spontaneous and gradual dispersion of information or decay Animals have limited capacity to store information, new memories erase old memories Animals forget intenetially via decision making
68
How is olfactorn used to navigate
Scent trails are used by a wide range of species vai pheromones (intraspecigic semiochemicals) eg.ants use trailing pheromones, bears roll in urine and rub against trees
69
How is vision used to navaigate
Dead reckoning - remembering thr location of the start pointand the dorection from current position (ants use this) Sun compass is used via honey bees Piloting - following spatial landmarks
70
What was konrad lorentz theory
Imprinting occurred when animals form an attachment to the first thing they see upon hatching
71
What was Karl von frisch theory
Honey bees danced to indicate the distance and location of food
72
Reference Playful activities after training improves memory and performance
(Affenzeller and Zulch, 2017)
73
Reference Scent detection for cancer operant training
(Crawford, 2022)
74
Reference Clicker training does not enhance learning in shelter puppies
(Dorey, et al,. 2020)
75
Reference Clever hans effect
(Edwards et al., 2017)

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