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year 2 sem 2 > cognetive psych (270) > Flashcards

cognetive psych (270) Flashcards

1
Q

Applied research

A

Scientific research that is concerned with the end-goal of developing a solution to a problem.

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2
Q

Artificial intelligence AI

A

A branch of computer science and engineering concerned with building machines that can perform human-like intelligent behaviors.

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3
Q

Basic research

A

Scientific research that is concerned with trying to understand the world and its phenomena, without regard to a specific end-use of this knowledge.

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4
Q

Cognition

A

The sum of mental activities resulting in the acquisition of information from the environment, processing that information, and using it to make a behavioral decision.

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5
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

A field of psychology concerned with studying intelligence through the observation of behaviors.

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6
Q

Human factors

A

A field of psychology concerned with applying scientific findings to the design of systems that people interact with.

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A research technique in which the behaviors of people or other organisms are observed as they occur in their natural environment, without any experimental intervention.

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8
Q

Neuroscience

A

The field of science concerned with the study of the brain and related physiological systems.

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9
Q

Algorithm

A

A set of operations that produces the input/output mapping of a function.

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10
Q

Behavioural Neuroscience

A

A scientific field that assesses behavior and neurological factors in animals as models of human function.

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11
Q

Behaviourism

A

A school of psychology that emphasized using observable stimuli and behaviors as the basis of scientific experimentation.

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12
Q

Blindsight

A

A phenomenon in which someone who reports blindness due to cortical damage still shows behavior consisting with some perception.

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13
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A learning protocol in which an involuntary behavior is paired with a stimulus, eventually leading to that behavior being elicited by the stimulus alone.

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14
Q

Cognetive Neuroscience

A

A scientific field that merges brain imaging with behavioral experimentation.

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15
Q

Cognetive Revolution

A

A movement in the 1950’s that proposed that the mind could be understood as a computational system.

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16
Q

Cognitivism

A

An approach in psychology that uses behavior as a method for developing and testing theories of the underlying processing of the mind.

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17
Q

Computational Neuroscience

A

A scientific field that uses computer models of the brain to model real brain function.

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18
Q

Cortical Blindness

A

A condition in which an individual with damage to the visual cortex will report having no visual experience, despite having working eyes.

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19
Q

Dualism

A

The view that the mind and body consist of fundamentally different kinds of substances or properties.

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20
Q

Function

A

Mappings from inputs to outputs.

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21
Q

Human Factors

A

A field of applied psychology concerned with the interaction between human perception and the design of systems.

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22
Q

Idealism

A

The view that the only kind of reality is mental in nature.

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23
Q

Independent Variable

A

The conditions that are being manipulated by the experimenter in order to determine their effects on the dependent variable.

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24
Q

Individual Differences

A

Variations in performance across different individuals in cognitive tasks.

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25
Information Processing
An approach to human cognition that views it as a type of computation with sensory information serving as an input which is processed by the brain to determine a behavioral output.
26
Introspection
A technique employed by the structuralists to study the mind by training people to examine their own conscious experiences.
27
Latent Learning
Learning in the absence of any reward or punishment conditioning, as in Tolman's maze experiments.
28
Mind-Body Problem
The question of how mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, and sensations, are related to physical mechanisms taking place in the body.
29
Monism
The view that there is only one kind of basic "substance" in the world, whether exclusively physical or exclusively mental.
30
Neutral Monism
The view that the mental and physical are identical and all of reality is made of this one kind of thing.
31
Operant Conditioning
A method of conditioning that reinforces certain behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments.
32
Opsin
Light-activated proteins, used in optogenetics to experimentally modify the activity of neurons.
33
Optogenetics
A technique used to control the activity of brain cells based on introducing light-sensitive proteins into the cells and activating them with light.
34
Physicalism/Materialism
The view that all of reality, including mental processes, is physical or material in nature.
35
Reaction Time
A measure of how long it takes an experimental subject to respond to a given task or query.
36
Reinforcement Learning
A form of behavioral conditioning based on punishment and reinforcement (reward) feedback.
37
Replication
A process in scientific research in which a previous experiment is repeated using the same methods as the original.
38
Response
The behavior an experimental subject engages in after a stimulus is presented.
39
Skinner Box
A chamber used to contain and automatically provide behavioral feedback to an animal during operant conditioning experiments.
40
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
When a participant in an experiment sacrifices accuracy in their responses for greater speed or vice-versa.
41
Subject/Participant (Experimental)
A person upon whom a psychological experiment is being conducted.
42
Stimulus
Anything used to stimulate the senses as part of an experimental procedure, such as an image or a sound.
43
Stroop Effect/Interference
A psychological phenomenon in which reporting the ink color of words is slowed down when the words spell out the name of a different color.
44
Structualism
A school pf psychology whose approach relied on introspecting on one's own conscious mental states in order to understand the mind.
45
Transistor
A device used in computers to control whether or not a current flowed through parts of the system.
46
Trial
Repetitions of an experimental condition, typically used in order to compensate for variability in performance across attempts.
47
Action Potential
The all-or-none firing of a neuron that leads to the release of neurotransmitters.
48
Activation Function (as in neural networks)
A function that takes in the weighted sum of the previous layer's inputs and returns the activation level of the node.
49
Activation Level (as in neural networks)
The numerical value of a node in a neural network.
50
Aphasia
The loss of language comprehension or expression due to brain damage.
51
Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
A type of machine-learning models based loosely on the brain consisting of layers of nodes connected by modifiable weights that determine their activations.
52
Association Neurons
Neurons that receive their inputs and send outputs to other neurons.
53
Autonomic Nervous System
A portion of the peripheral nervous system that connects to most organs in the body and regulates certain unconscious bodily functions.
54
Axon
A projection of the neuronal cell body along which action potentials are propagated, terminating in the release of neurotransmitters.
55
Backpropagation
A technique for gradually changing the weights of a neural network in order to reduce the error.
56
Brainstem
A stalk-like structure at the base of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord and regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing.
57
Broca's Aphasia
A form of aphasia typically due to damage to the inferior frontal gyrus that leads to slow and labored speech production.
58
Central Nervous System
A portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal chord.
59
Cerebral Cortex
A folded, layered structure that is the largest single structure and the most superficial portion of the human brain.
60
Cerebrum
The largest portion of the human brain, sitting at the top of the brain and consisting of the cerebral cortex and related structures.
61
Cognetive Neurscience
A subfield of neuroscience that uses multiple tools to measure and analyze active brain processing in awake and (typically) healthy individual.
62
Contralateral
A spatial relationship between brain and body observed in vertebrates in which one side of the brain controls or receives input from the opposite side of the body.
63
Corpus Callosum
A band of fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum.
64
Dendrites
Branch-like projections that protrude from the cell body of a neuron and contain receptor sites to which neurotransmitters can bind.
65
Distributed/Population Encoding
A theory of neural representation in which complex patterns or objects are represented by the distribution of activation across many neurons.
66
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A method that measures electrical activity due to neural or other processing at the surface of the scalp.
67
Encephalization Quotient (EQ)
A measure of actual brain size relative to the size that would be predicted based on body size alone. It is strongly correlated with intelligence.
68
Error/Loss (as in a neural network)
The difference between the observed output and the correct output of an ANN, used as a measure of its performance and minimized during training.
69
Event-Related Potential (ERP)
Rapid changes in electrical potential, as measured by EEG, due to the onset of a stimulus.
70
Excitatory
When the firing of a neuron causes a receiving neuron to fire more frequently.
71
Fight or Flight Response
A sympathetic nervous system response that prepares the body with increased strength and stamina in response to a perceived threat.
72
Fissure
A deep sulcus fold in the cerebral cortex.
73
Functional Localization
The concept that certain cognitive functions reside in specific regions of the cerebral cortex.
74
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
A technique in cognitive neuroscience for measuring ratios of oxygenated bloodflow in the brain in order to determine task-related neural activity.
75
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
A tool of cognitive neuroscience which uses near-infrared light in order to measure oxygenated vs non-oxygenated hemoglobin, a component of blood to derive the hemodynamic response.
76
Glial Cells
Cells within the nervous system that provide support to neurons.
77
Gyri/Gyrus
The "hill"-like projections of the folds of the cerebral cortex.
78
Hemisphere
Each of the two halves of the cerebrum, divided into a left and right, and connected by the corpus callosum.
79
Hidden Layer
The intermediate layers between input and output in an ANN. The units in the hidden layer encode patterns in the input layer or in previous hidden layers.
80
Hippocacampus
A complex structure which is involved in memory formation and is structurally an extension of the temporal lobe of the cortex and is involved in the formation of long-term memories.
81
Hypothalamus
A small but highly complex cluster of neurons that lies in the center of the brain that regulates multiple involuntary behavioral functions.
82
Inhibitory
When the firing of a neuron causes a receiving neuron to fire less frequently.
83
Input Layer
The first layer of an ANN. The activation level of each node in this layer is determined by values of the data itself.
84
Lobes
The four anatomical divisions of the cortex that exist on each hemisphere.
85
Motor Neurons
Neurons whose output leads to activation of muscle fibers.
86
Multivariate-Pattern Analysis (MVPA)
A data-analysis that uses machine learning to decode what task or stimulus a participating in engaging, based on the distribution of activity across the brain.
87
Nerves
Bundles of connective tissue that allows neurons to communicate with one another and other parts of the body.
88
Nervous System
A portion of the body consisting of neurons, nerves and glial cells whose function is to allow different portions of the body to communicate with one another.
89
Neuroplasticity
The ability of the brain to reorganize the spatial arrangement of its function.
90
Neurospsychology
The study of brain function and impairment due to brain pathology.
91
Neurotransmitters
Chemical agents that serve as "messengers" between neurons.
92
Output Layer
The final layer of an ANN that represents the networks decision about the input.
93
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that regulates certain bodily functions under conditions when immediate action is not needed.
94
Peripheral Nervous System
A portion of the nervous system consisting of all neurons, nerves and glial cells outside of the nervous system.
95
Receptors
Sites on the dendrite of a neuron to which neurotransmitters can bind.
96
Reflex Action
The simplest form of autonomic behavioral responses in which he spinal chord generates the behavioral signal without the brain.
97
Reuptake
A process in which neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft are reabsorbed by a sending neuron.
98
Sensory Receptors
Neurons that receive their activation from physical stimulation of the body.
99
Sparse Coding
A theory of neural coding in which a complex pattern or object is encoded by the distribution of responses across a small set of neurons.
100
Specificity Encoding
A theory of neural coding in which a complex pattern or object is encoded by the response of a single neuron.
101
Split-Brain
Patients (typically epileptic) who have had their corpus callosum severed, disconnecting the two hemispheres of the cortex.
102
Sulci/Sulcus
The "valley"-like indentations of the folds of the cerebral cortex.
103
Sympathetic Nervous System
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that unconsciously regulates certain functions of the body to prepare for immediate action.
104
Synapse
The site at which communication between two neurons occurs. It consists of an empty space between the axon terminal of a neuron that is sending information and receptors on the dendrites of the receiving neuron.
105
Synaptic Cleft
The small gap between sending and receiving neurons into which neurotransmitters are released.
106
Synaptic Vesicles
Storage sites within a neuron that hold neurotransmitters prior to their release.
107
Training Set
The dataset used to train a neural network.
108
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
A research technique that uses magnetic pulses to disrupt localized brain processing in order to observe effects on cognitive function.
109
Transduction
The conversion of information from one form to another.
110
Validation Set
A dataset used to test the performance of an ANN after it has been trained to determine whether it can generalize to unseen examples.
111
Weights (as in a neural network)
The modifiable connections between nodes of a neural network. The activation levels of nodes are multiplied by the weights to generate the weighted sum.
112
Wernicke's or Receptive Aphasia
A form of aphasia typically due to damage to the superior temporal gyrus that leads to fluid but nonsensical speech production.

year 2 sem 2 (4 decks)

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