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year 2 sem 2 > cognetive psych (270) > Flashcards

cognetive psych (270) Flashcards

1
Q

Applied research

A

Scientific research that is concerned with the end-goal of developing a solution to a problem.

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2
Q

Artificial intelligence AI

A

A branch of computer science and engineering concerned with building machines that can perform human-like intelligent behaviors.

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3
Q

Basic research

A

Scientific research that is concerned with trying to understand the world and its phenomena, without regard to a specific end-use of this knowledge.

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4
Q

Cognition

A

The sum of mental activities resulting in the acquisition of information from the environment, processing that information, and using it to make a behavioral decision.

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5
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

A field of psychology concerned with studying intelligence through the observation of behaviors.

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6
Q

Human factors

A

A field of psychology concerned with applying scientific findings to the design of systems that people interact with.

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A research technique in which the behaviors of people or other organisms are observed as they occur in their natural environment, without any experimental intervention.

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8
Q

Neuroscience

A

The field of science concerned with the study of the brain and related physiological systems.

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9
Q

Algorithm

A

A set of operations that produces the input/output mapping of a function.

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10
Q

Behavioural Neuroscience

A

A scientific field that assesses behavior and neurological factors in animals as models of human function.

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11
Q

Behaviourism

A

A school of psychology that emphasized using observable stimuli and behaviors as the basis of scientific experimentation.

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12
Q

Blindsight

A

A phenomenon in which someone who reports blindness due to cortical damage still shows behavior consisting with some perception.

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13
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A learning protocol in which an involuntary behavior is paired with a stimulus, eventually leading to that behavior being elicited by the stimulus alone.

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14
Q

Cognetive Neuroscience

A

A scientific field that merges brain imaging with behavioral experimentation.

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15
Q

Cognetive Revolution

A

A movement in the 1950’s that proposed that the mind could be understood as a computational system.

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16
Q

Cognitivism

A

An approach in psychology that uses behavior as a method for developing and testing theories of the underlying processing of the mind.

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17
Q

Computational Neuroscience

A

A scientific field that uses computer models of the brain to model real brain function.

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18
Q

Cortical Blindness

A

A condition in which an individual with damage to the visual cortex will report having no visual experience, despite having working eyes.

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19
Q

Dualism

A

The view that the mind and body consist of fundamentally different kinds of substances or properties.

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20
Q

Function

A

Mappings from inputs to outputs.

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21
Q

Human Factors

A

A field of applied psychology concerned with the interaction between human perception and the design of systems.

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22
Q

Idealism

A

The view that the only kind of reality is mental in nature.

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23
Q

Independent Variable

A

The conditions that are being manipulated by the experimenter in order to determine their effects on the dependent variable.

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24
Q

Individual Differences

A

Variations in performance across different individuals in cognitive tasks.

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25
Q

Information Processing

A

An approach to human cognition that views it as a type of computation with sensory information serving as an input which is processed by the brain to determine a behavioral output.

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26
Q

Introspection

A

A technique employed by the structuralists to study the mind by training people to examine their own conscious experiences.

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27
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning in the absence of any reward or punishment conditioning, as in Tolman’s maze experiments.

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28
Q

Mind-Body Problem

A

The question of how mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, and sensations, are related to physical mechanisms taking place in the body.

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29
Q

Monism

A

The view that there is only one kind of basic “substance” in the world, whether exclusively physical or exclusively mental.

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30
Q

Neutral Monism

A

The view that the mental and physical are identical and all of reality is made of this one kind of thing.

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31
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A method of conditioning that reinforces certain behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments.

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32
Q

Opsin

A

Light-activated proteins, used in optogenetics to experimentally modify the activity of neurons.

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33
Q

Optogenetics

A

A technique used to control the activity of brain cells based on introducing light-sensitive proteins into the cells and activating them with light.

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34
Q

Physicalism/Materialism

A

The view that all of reality, including mental processes, is physical or material in nature.

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35
Q

Reaction Time

A

A measure of how long it takes an experimental subject to respond to a given task or query.

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36
Q

Reinforcement Learning

A

A form of behavioral conditioning based on punishment and reinforcement (reward) feedback.

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37
Q

Replication

A

A process in scientific research in which a previous experiment is repeated using the same methods as the original.

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38
Q

Response

A

The behavior an experimental subject engages in after a stimulus is presented.

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39
Q

Skinner Box

A

A chamber used to contain and automatically provide behavioral feedback to an animal during operant conditioning experiments.

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40
Q

Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff

A

When a participant in an experiment sacrifices accuracy in their responses for greater speed or vice-versa.

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41
Q

Subject/Participant (Experimental)

A

A person upon whom a psychological experiment is being conducted.

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42
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything used to stimulate the senses as part of an experimental procedure, such as an image or a sound.

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43
Q

Stroop Effect/Interference

A

A psychological phenomenon in which reporting the ink color of words is slowed down when the words spell out the name of a different color.

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44
Q

Structualism

A

A school pf psychology whose approach relied on introspecting on one’s own conscious mental states in order to understand the mind.

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45
Q

Transistor

A

A device used in computers to control whether or not a current flowed through parts of the system.

46
Q

Trial

A

Repetitions of an experimental condition, typically used in order to compensate for variability in performance across attempts.

47
Q

Action Potential

A

The all-or-none firing of a neuron that leads to the release of neurotransmitters.

48
Q

Activation Function (as in neural networks)

A

A function that takes in the weighted sum of the previous layer’s inputs and returns the activation level of the node.

49
Q

Activation Level (as in neural networks)

A

The numerical value of a node in a neural network.

50
Q

Aphasia

A

The loss of language comprehension or expression due to brain damage.

51
Q

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

A

A type of machine-learning models based loosely on the brain consisting of layers of nodes connected by modifiable weights that determine their activations.

52
Q

Association Neurons

A

Neurons that receive their inputs and send outputs to other neurons.

53
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A portion of the peripheral nervous system that connects to most organs in the body and regulates certain unconscious bodily functions.

54
Q

Axon

A

A projection of the neuronal cell body along which action potentials are propagated, terminating in the release of neurotransmitters.

55
Q

Backpropagation

A

A technique for gradually changing the weights of a neural network in order to reduce the error.

56
Q

Brainstem

A

A stalk-like structure at the base of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord and regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing.

57
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

A form of aphasia typically due to damage to the inferior frontal gyrus that leads to slow and labored speech production.

58
Q

Central Nervous System

A

A portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal chord.

59
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

A folded, layered structure that is the largest single structure and the most superficial portion of the human brain.

60
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest portion of the human brain, sitting at the top of the brain and consisting of the cerebral cortex and related structures.

61
Q

Cognetive Neurscience

A

A subfield of neuroscience that uses multiple tools to measure and analyze active brain processing in awake and (typically) healthy individual.

62
Q

Contralateral

A

A spatial relationship between brain and body observed in vertebrates in which one side of the brain controls or receives input from the opposite side of the body.

63
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A band of fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum.

64
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch-like projections that protrude from the cell body of a neuron and contain receptor sites to which neurotransmitters can bind.

65
Q

Distributed/Population Encoding

A

A theory of neural representation in which complex patterns or objects are represented by the distribution of activation across many neurons.

66
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A method that measures electrical activity due to neural or other processing at the surface of the scalp.

67
Q

Encephalization Quotient (EQ)

A

A measure of actual brain size relative to the size that would be predicted based on body size alone. It is strongly correlated with intelligence.

68
Q

Error/Loss (as in a neural network)

A

The difference between the observed output and the correct output of an ANN, used as a measure of its performance and minimized during training.

69
Q

Event-Related Potential (ERP)

A

Rapid changes in electrical potential, as measured by EEG, due to the onset of a stimulus.

70
Q

Excitatory

A

When the firing of a neuron causes a receiving neuron to fire more frequently.

71
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

A sympathetic nervous system response that prepares the body with increased strength and stamina in response to a perceived threat.

72
Q

Fissure

A

A deep sulcus fold in the cerebral cortex.

73
Q

Functional Localization

A

The concept that certain cognitive functions reside in specific regions of the cerebral cortex.

74
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

A technique in cognitive neuroscience for measuring ratios of oxygenated bloodflow in the brain in order to determine task-related neural activity.

75
Q

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

A

A tool of cognitive neuroscience which uses near-infrared light in order to measure oxygenated vs non-oxygenated hemoglobin, a component of blood to derive the hemodynamic response.

76
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells within the nervous system that provide support to neurons.

77
Q

Gyri/Gyrus

A

The “hill”-like projections of the folds of the cerebral cortex.

78
Q

Hemisphere

A

Each of the two halves of the cerebrum, divided into a left and right, and connected by the corpus callosum.

79
Q

Hidden Layer

A

The intermediate layers between input and output in an ANN. The units in the hidden layer encode patterns in the input layer or in previous hidden layers.

80
Q

Hippocacampus

A

A complex structure which is involved in memory formation and is structurally an extension of the temporal lobe of the cortex and is involved in the formation of long-term memories.

81
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A small but highly complex cluster of neurons that lies in the center of the brain that regulates multiple involuntary behavioral functions.

82
Q

Inhibitory

A

When the firing of a neuron causes a receiving neuron to fire less frequently.

83
Q

Input Layer

A

The first layer of an ANN. The activation level of each node in this layer is determined by values of the data itself.

84
Q

Lobes

A

The four anatomical divisions of the cortex that exist on each hemisphere.

85
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons whose output leads to activation of muscle fibers.

86
Q

Multivariate-Pattern Analysis (MVPA)

A

A data-analysis that uses machine learning to decode what task or stimulus a participating in engaging, based on the distribution of activity across the brain.

87
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of connective tissue that allows neurons to communicate with one another and other parts of the body.

88
Q

Nervous System

A

A portion of the body consisting of neurons, nerves and glial cells whose function is to allow different portions of the body to communicate with one another.

89
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the brain to reorganize the spatial arrangement of its function.

90
Q

Neurospsychology

A

The study of brain function and impairment due to brain pathology.

91
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical agents that serve as “messengers” between neurons.

92
Q

Output Layer

A

The final layer of an ANN that represents the networks decision about the input.

93
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that regulates certain bodily functions under conditions when immediate action is not needed.

94
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

A portion of the nervous system consisting of all neurons, nerves and glial cells outside of the nervous system.

95
Q

Receptors

A

Sites on the dendrite of a neuron to which neurotransmitters can bind.

96
Q

Reflex Action

A

The simplest form of autonomic behavioral responses in which he spinal chord generates the behavioral signal without the brain.

97
Q

Reuptake

A

A process in which neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft are reabsorbed by a sending neuron.

98
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Neurons that receive their activation from physical stimulation of the body.

99
Q

Sparse Coding

A

A theory of neural coding in which a complex pattern or object is encoded by the distribution of responses across a small set of neurons.

100
Q

Specificity Encoding

A

A theory of neural coding in which a complex pattern or object is encoded by the response of a single neuron.

101
Q

Split-Brain

A

Patients (typically epileptic) who have had their corpus callosum severed, disconnecting the two hemispheres of the cortex.

102
Q

Sulci/Sulcus

A

The “valley”-like indentations of the folds of the cerebral cortex.

103
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that unconsciously regulates certain functions of the body to prepare for immediate action.

104
Q

Synapse

A

The site at which communication between two neurons occurs. It consists of an empty space between the axon terminal of a neuron that is sending information and receptors on the dendrites of the receiving neuron.

105
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The small gap between sending and receiving neurons into which neurotransmitters are released.

106
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Storage sites within a neuron that hold neurotransmitters prior to their release.

107
Q

Training Set

A

The dataset used to train a neural network.

108
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

A research technique that uses magnetic pulses to disrupt localized brain processing in order to observe effects on cognitive function.

109
Q

Transduction

A

The conversion of information from one form to another.

110
Q

Validation Set

A

A dataset used to test the performance of an ANN after it has been trained to determine whether it can generalize to unseen examples.

111
Q

Weights (as in a neural network)

A

The modifiable connections between nodes of a neural network. The activation levels of nodes are multiplied by the weights to generate the weighted sum.

112
Q

Wernicke’s or Receptive Aphasia

A

A form of aphasia typically due to damage to the superior temporal gyrus that leads to fluid but nonsensical speech production.

year 2 sem 2 (4 decks)

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