Cognate Flashcards
Cognate
Cognates are words which have a common origin. There are 3 district levels:
True Cognate- The word is spelled the same, meaning the same, but pronunciation will be different according to language structure of the words such as an accent mark. Example.. English-rodeo, Spanish- rodeo
Partial Cognate- The word in other languages has the same origin but the spelling will differ. The meaning will be the same but the pronunciation due to the language structure will be different. Example…English-fragrance, Spanish- frangancia
Discourse
Discourse is a continuous stretch of speech or written text, going beyond a sentence to express thought.
Graphophonics
the letters (graphemes)
Language Registers
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance, such as the following:
The effect that the following have on the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance:
Context of utterance
Generally observed principles of communication* The goals of the speaker
- Frozen Register: Pledge of Allegiance, Lord’s Prayer, Preamble to
Constitution (language that remains fixed/unchanged) - Formal/Academic Register: Interviews, academic language in classroom (lectures, instruction—mini-lessons), public speaking
- Consultative Register: Talking to a boss/supervisor/teacher, lawyer, doctor, Counselor (asking for assistance)
- Casual (Informal) Register: Talking with friends, slang (writing drafts should
allow casual before the formal draft because it “gets the information out” on the paper) - Intimate Register: Language of lovers, sexual harassment (not for public
information)
Lexical Ambiguity
Some words may have two or more meanings such as:
pen- a writing instrument or
pen- a place where pigs live
fall- a season of the year or
fall- to tumble down, plunge
Lexicon
Lexicon: one’s mental list of the words in a language, including information about the meaning, grammatical function, pronunciation.
A lexicon is the knowledge that a native speaker has about a language. This includes information about:
the form and meanings of words and phrases
lexical categorization
the appropriate usage of words and phrases
relationships between words and phrases, and
categories of words and phrases.
Morphology
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words
The basic part of any word is the root. You can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end
Phoneme
The distinctive sounds in words are called phonemes. For example, “text” and “test” are words identical except for the third letters: “x” and “s.” The sounds these letters represent allow one to differentiate between the two words.
Phonics
Phonics is simply the system of relationships between letters and sounds in a language.
Phonological Awareness
Phonology is the study of the system and patterns of these speech sounds: how they are pronounced, how they combine together, which sounds can be “neighbors” or not, how words consist of syllables and discrete sound units, and how words rhyme
Pragmatics
Pragmatics: studies appropriate language usage, especially how context influences the interpretation of speech
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance, such as the following:
The effect that the following have on the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance:
Context of utterance
Generally observed principles of communication* The goals of the speaker
Semantics
Semantics, generally defined, the study of meaning of linguistic expressions.
Semantics, more narrowly defined, the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions apart from consideration of the effect that pragmatic factors, such as the following, have on the meaning of language in use:
Features of the context
Conventions of language use
The goals of the speaker
Syntax
Syntax is the way words are put together in a language to form phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Syntactic classes such as noun, verb, and adjective
Syntactic functions, such as subject and object
