Cog RETEST Flashcards
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind
cognitive psychology
Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinhaus’ memory experiment discussed in the text
3 letter nonsense words
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of A. models B. savings C. reactions times D. cognition
D. cognition
Attention, perception, memory and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
cognition
Ebbinnghaus’ memory expirements were important because they
plotted functions that described the operation of the mind
according to Ebbihaus’ savings curve, savings is a function of
elapsed time
Which of the followig methods of fear associated wwith structuralism, was used in the psych lab test by wundt?
analytic introspection
The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was: A. Hermann von Helmholtz. B. Franciscus Donders. C. Wilhelm Wundt. D. Hermann Ebbinghaus.
C. Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the founder of the first lab
Wundt
Watson believed that sychology should focus on
observable behavior
According to behaviorists, only the study of _______ should be the emphasis of the science of psych.
observable behavior
Regarding Children’s language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before, which is driven by ____.
inborn biological program
Who proposed that childrens language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?
BF Skinner
The Little Albert experiment is an example of
classical conditioning
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.
A. positive reinforcers
B. discriminative stimuli
C. backward conditioning
D. inhibitory neurotransmitters
A. positive reinforcers
Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of: A. operant conditioning. B. cognitive psychology. C. humanism. D. behaviorism.
B. cognitive psychology
Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basc principle of ____.
cognitive psych
Behaiorists believe that the presentation of ____ increases the frequency of behavior.
positive reinforcers
_____ is the presentation of a stimuus after a response so that the response will occur more often.
Reinforcement
____ procedures cayse behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely.
punishment
In operant conditioning, the specific object or event that influences a behavior is the ____
stimulus
this person used mazed and would measure how long it took cats to get the food. He noticed gradually the time decreased with practice
edward thorndike
Bob McKettlefish fastens his seatbelt in order to stop the annoying buzzer that sounds when he starts his car. What mechanism is being used to increase Bob’s seat belt wearing?
Negative Reinforcement
on the first day of class, ryan tells a joke while the teacher is talking and everyone laughs. As a result he tells a joke every day. His behavior is a result of
positive reinforcement
Stevie Allison enjoys playing football. Taking away the privledge of football would be
negative punishment
Everytime jimmy raised his hand in class, the teacher calls on him. What schedule of reinforcement is this?
continuous reinforcement
in Pavlovs experiment the conditioned stimulus was the
bell
T or F: classical conditioning requires at least two stimuli
true
In Pavlov’s dog experiment the food represents the _____ because it generated a response without previous training
uconditioned stimulus
Explain the little albert experiment and the stimulus and responses
albert initially showd no fear towards the white rat, but after the presentation and pairing of the white rat with a loud noise, the child showed fear when the rat was present. Neutral stimulus-white rat
US- loud noise UR- Fear, CS- white rat, CR- scared
Skinner devised a _____ schedule. This consisted of allowing the subject to obtain reinforcement once per interval, but the length of the interval varies randomly around some specific average.
variable interval
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter? A. Experiencing neuromodulation
B. Communicating with other people
C. Solving problems
D. Answering questions
experiencing neuromodulation
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills? solving problems, experiencing neuromodulation, communicating with other people, answering questions
experiencing neuromodulation
The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as
brain ablation
the study of behavior of humans with brain damage is called
neuropsychology
lucas is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously and another object. choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is lucas doing?
object discrimination problem
what cognitive skills are involved in perception
interpretation and recognition of stimluli
what cognitive skills are involved in perception
interpretation and recognition of stimluli
who trained pigeons
skinner
Gestalt said a central role in perception is
bottom up processing
Gestalt principle states that
we want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations
Speech segmentation is an example of
top down processing
evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by
when someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
- Structuralism: experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensations
- Analytic introspection: participants trained to describe experiences and though processes in response to stimuli
- First lab in Germany
wundt
- Learning and forgetting curves
- Discovered short intervals=fewer repetitions to relearn
- Forgetting occurs rapidly over the first two days and then occurs more slowly
Ebinghaus
-First studies of classical conditioning with ringing bell and dogs salivating;
pavlov
- Dealt with cats
- trial and error learning
- Law of effect- responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation are more likely to occur, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur.
thorndike
- father of behaviorism
- studied stimulus response
- believed that psychology should be limited to an objective observation of behavior
- little albert experiment
watson
behavior can be analyzed without any reference to the mind
-examined how pairing one stimulus with another affected behavior
little albert expirement
- Operant conditioning
- interested in determining the relationship between stimuli and response
- shape behavior by rewards or punishments
- behavior rewarded is more likely to be repeated
- behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated
skinner
- argued children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement
- children say things they have never heard and can not be imitating
- children say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for
- language must be determined by inborn biological program
chomsky
Skinner- we learn language by…
reinforcement
they challenged the behaviorist- _______with language and ______with social learning
chomsky and bandura
a procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response
classical conditioning
type of conditioning championed by B.F Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthen by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforces, such as a shock or social rejection.
operant conditioing
automatically elicits a response (reflex)
Unconditioned stimulus
the unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response
initially produces no specific response. Becomes the conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response effected by the unconditioned stimulus itself.
conditioned stimulus
an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus
conditioned response
The bell (first) neutral stimulus food unconditioned stimuls saliva unconditioned response bell (2nd) conditioned stimulus saliva conditioned response
The bell (first) neutral stimulus food unconditioned stimuls saliva unconditioned response bell (2nd) conditioned stimulus saliva conditioned response
a stimulus which when applied increases the probability of the response in the future
positive reinforcer
occurs when something already present is removed (taken away) as a result of a behaviour and the behaviour that led to this removal will increase in the future because it created a favourable outcome.
negative reinforcer
presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making it less likely to happen in the future
positive punishment
when a certain desired stimulus is removed after a behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less in the future
negative punishment
the desired behavior is reinforced every single time
continuous reinforcement
the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction
partial reinforcement
_____ schedule response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. Produced a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. Example would be delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar 5 times
fixed-ratio
________schedule response occur when a response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. AN example would be reinforcing a rat with a pellet for the first bar press after a 30 second interval has elapsed. Ex: pay checks
fixed interval
schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of reward. Ex this might involve delivering food pellets to a rat after one bar press, again after four bar presses, and a third pellet after 2 bar presses.
variable-ratio
schedules occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passes. Produces a slow, steady rate of response. Ex: delivering a food pellet to a rat after the first bar press following a one minute interval, another pellet for the first response following a 5 minute interval, and a 3rd for the first response following a 3 minute interval
variable-interval
the elimination of a conditioned response as a result of repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
extinction
gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response; consists of rewarding successive approximations
shaping
eliminating a behavior by refusing to reinforce it
extinction burst
a system of behavior modification based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior.
token economy
a pause in responding that typically occurs after the delivery of a reinforcer. Usually associated with fixed schedules
post-reinforcement pause
Diffof other behavior reinforcement is delivered when the target behavior is not displayed for a specified period of time
differential reinforcement
reinforcement is delivered when the target behavior is not displayed for a specified period of time
differential reinforcement of other behavior
experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
perception
sequence of evens from the eye to the brain. starts at the “bottom” or beginning of the system , when environmental energy stimulates the receptors
bottom-up processing
processing that originates in the brain at the top of the perceptual system
top-down processing
Gestalts three laws of perceptual organization
good continuation, principe of pragnaz or simplicity, law of similarity
states every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. EX:the olympic rings
Principle of Pragnanz “good figure” or “simplicity”
similar things tend to be grouped together
principle of similarity
the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in language.
speech segmentation
Helmholts Likelihood principle states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the patterns of stimuli we have received
Hemholts likelihood principle
states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the patterns of stimuli we have received
Hemholts likelihood principle
people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations
oblique effect
Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, “Afraid you will be,” violates which property of the English language?
A. Language symbols must have high discriminability
B. Language involves the use of a lexicon
C. Languge has a structure that is governed by rules
D. Coding is required for langauge
C. language has a structure that is governed by rules
Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, “Afraid you will be,” violates which property of the English language?
A. Language symbols must have high discriminability
B. Language involves the use of a lexicon
C. Languge has a structure that is governed by rules
D. Coding is required for langauge
C. language has a structure that is governed by rules
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
B. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
C. identify words that are contained in sentences.
D. separate a sentence into individual words.
A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or nonword
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
B. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
C. identify words that are contained in sentences.
D. separate a sentence into individual words.
A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or non-word
Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? A. Word superiority effect B. The lexical decision task C. Word frequency effect D. Phonemic restoration effect
C. word frequency effect
Noam Chomsky proposed that:
A. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement.
B. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.
C. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before.
D. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.
D. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language
A manager decides to perform unannounced checks to monitor employee performance. On Monday and Wednesday, she monitors every hour. On Tuesday and Friday, she monitors every two hours. On Thursday, she monitors every twenty minutes. This describes a \_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable ratio B. fixed interval C. variable interval D. fixed ratio
C. variable interval
<p><span>Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a \_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement.</span></p>
<p> </p>
Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A. variable interval
B. fixed ratio
C.variable ratio
D. fixed interval
D. fixed interval
Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a \_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable interval B. fixed ratio C.variable ratio D. fixed interval
D. fixed interval
Some restaurants reward customers with a free meal after they have purchased ten entrees. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable interval
B. variable ratio
C. fixed ratio
D. fixed interval
C. fixed ratio
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of processing. A. serial B. bottom-up C. top-down D. sequential
C. top-down
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the: A. principle of size constancy. B. law of good continuation. C. oblique effect. D. law of pragnanz.
C. oblique efect
