Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognition Test 1 RETEST > Cog RETEST > Flashcards

Cog RETEST Flashcards

1
Q

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind

A

cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinhaus’ memory experiment discussed in the text

A

3 letter nonsense words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
A. models 
B. savings 
C. reactions times 
D. cognition
A

D. cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attention, perception, memory and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

A

cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ebbinnghaus’ memory expirements were important because they

A

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

according to Ebbihaus’ savings curve, savings is a function of

A

elapsed time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the followig methods of fear associated wwith structuralism, was used in the psych lab test by wundt?

A

analytic introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was:
A. Hermann von Helmholtz. 
B. Franciscus Donders. 
C. Wilhelm Wundt. 
D. Hermann Ebbinghaus.
A

C. Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who was the founder of the first lab

A

Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Watson believed that sychology should focus on

A

observable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to behaviorists, only the study of _______ should be the emphasis of the science of psych.

A

observable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regarding Children’s language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before, which is driven by ____.

A

inborn biological program

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who proposed that childrens language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

A

BF Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Little Albert experiment is an example of

A

classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.
A. positive reinforcers
B. discriminative stimuli
C. backward conditioning
D. inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

A. positive reinforcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of:
A. operant conditioning. 
B. cognitive psychology. 
C. humanism. 
D. behaviorism.
A

B. cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basc principle of ____.

A

cognitive psych

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Behaiorists believe that the presentation of ____ increases the frequency of behavior.

A

positive reinforcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____ is the presentation of a stimuus after a response so that the response will occur more often.

A

Reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

____ procedures cayse behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely.

A

punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In operant conditioning, the specific object or event that influences a behavior is the ____

A

stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

this person used mazed and would measure how long it took cats to get the food. He noticed gradually the time decreased with practice

A

edward thorndike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bob McKettlefish fastens his seatbelt in order to stop the annoying buzzer that sounds when he starts his car. What mechanism is being used to increase Bob’s seat belt wearing?

A

Negative Reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

on the first day of class, ryan tells a joke while the teacher is talking and everyone laughs. As a result he tells a joke every day. His behavior is a result of

A

positive reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stevie Allison enjoys playing football. Taking away the privledge of football would be

A

negative punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Everytime jimmy raised his hand in class, the teacher calls on him. What schedule of reinforcement is this?

A

continuous reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

in Pavlovs experiment the conditioned stimulus was the

A

bell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T or F: classical conditioning requires at least two stimuli

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In Pavlov’s dog experiment the food represents the _____ because it generated a response without previous training

A

uconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain the little albert experiment and the stimulus and responses

A

albert initially showd no fear towards the white rat, but after the presentation and pairing of the white rat with a loud noise, the child showed fear when the rat was present. Neutral stimulus-white rat
US- loud noise UR- Fear, CS- white rat, CR- scared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Skinner devised a _____ schedule. This consisted of allowing the subject to obtain reinforcement once per interval, but the length of the interval varies randomly around some specific average.

A

variable interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter? A. Experiencing neuromodulation
B. Communicating with other people
C. Solving problems
D. Answering questions

A

experiencing neuromodulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills? solving problems, experiencing neuromodulation, communicating with other people, answering questions

A

experiencing neuromodulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

A

brain ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the study of behavior of humans with brain damage is called

A

neuropsychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

lucas is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously and another object. choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is lucas doing?

A

object discrimination problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what cognitive skills are involved in perception

A

interpretation and recognition of stimluli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what cognitive skills are involved in perception

A

interpretation and recognition of stimluli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

who trained pigeons

A

skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gestalt said a central role in perception is

A

bottom up processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Gestalt principle states that

A

we want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations

42
Q

Speech segmentation is an example of

A

top down processing

43
Q

evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by

A

when someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

44
Q
  • Structuralism: experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensations
  • Analytic introspection: participants trained to describe experiences and though processes in response to stimuli
  • First lab in Germany
A

wundt

45
Q
  • Learning and forgetting curves
  • Discovered short intervals=fewer repetitions to relearn
  • Forgetting occurs rapidly over the first two days and then occurs more slowly
A

Ebinghaus

46
Q

-First studies of classical conditioning with ringing bell and dogs salivating;

A

pavlov

47
Q
  • Dealt with cats
  • trial and error learning
  • Law of effect- responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation are more likely to occur, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur.
A

thorndike

48
Q
  • father of behaviorism
  • studied stimulus response
  • believed that psychology should be limited to an objective observation of behavior
  • little albert experiment
A

watson

49
Q

behavior can be analyzed without any reference to the mind

-examined how pairing one stimulus with another affected behavior

A

little albert expirement

50
Q
  • Operant conditioning
  • interested in determining the relationship between stimuli and response
  • shape behavior by rewards or punishments
  • behavior rewarded is more likely to be repeated
  • behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated
A

skinner

51
Q
  • argued children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement
  • children say things they have never heard and can not be imitating
  • children say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for
  • language must be determined by inborn biological program
A

chomsky

52
Q

Skinner- we learn language by…

A

reinforcement

53
Q

they challenged the behaviorist- _______with language and ______with social learning

A

chomsky and bandura

54
Q

a procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response

A

classical conditioning

55
Q

type of conditioning championed by B.F Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthen by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforces, such as a shock or social rejection.

A

operant conditioing

56
Q

automatically elicits a response (reflex)

A

Unconditioned stimulus

57
Q

the unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.

A

unconditioned response

58
Q

initially produces no specific response. Becomes the conditioned stimulus

A

neutral stimulus

59
Q

previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response effected by the unconditioned stimulus itself.

A

conditioned stimulus

60
Q

an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus

A

conditioned response

61
Q 
The bell (first) neutral stimulus

food unconditioned stimuls

saliva unconditioned response

bell (2nd) conditioned stimulus

saliva conditioned response
A 
The bell (first) neutral stimulus

food unconditioned stimuls

saliva unconditioned response

bell (2nd) conditioned stimulus

saliva conditioned response
62
Q

a stimulus which when applied increases the probability of the response in the future

A

positive reinforcer

63
Q

occurs when something already present is removed (taken away) as a result of a behaviour and the behaviour that led to this removal will increase in the future because it created a favourable outcome.

A

negative reinforcer

64
Q

presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making it less likely to happen in the future

A

positive punishment

65
Q

when a certain desired stimulus is removed after a behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less in the future

A

negative punishment

66
Q

the desired behavior is reinforced every single time

A

continuous reinforcement

67
Q

the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction

A

partial reinforcement

68
Q

_____ schedule response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. Produced a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. Example would be delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar 5 times

A

fixed-ratio

69
Q

________schedule response occur when a response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. AN example would be reinforcing a rat with a pellet for the first bar press after a 30 second interval has elapsed. Ex: pay checks

A

fixed interval

70
Q

schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of reward. Ex this might involve delivering food pellets to a rat after one bar press, again after four bar presses, and a third pellet after 2 bar presses.

A

variable-ratio

71
Q

schedules occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passes. Produces a slow, steady rate of response. Ex: delivering a food pellet to a rat after the first bar press following a one minute interval, another pellet for the first response following a 5 minute interval, and a 3rd for the first response following a 3 minute interval

A

variable-interval

72
Q

the elimination of a conditioned response as a result of repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

A

extinction

73
Q

gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response; consists of rewarding successive approximations

A

shaping

74
Q

eliminating a behavior by refusing to reinforce it

A

extinction burst

75
Q

a system of behavior modification based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior.

A

token economy

76
Q

a pause in responding that typically occurs after the delivery of a reinforcer. Usually associated with fixed schedules

A

post-reinforcement pause

77
Q

Diffof other behavior reinforcement is delivered when the target behavior is not displayed for a specified period of time

A

differential reinforcement

78
Q

reinforcement is delivered when the target behavior is not displayed for a specified period of time

A

differential reinforcement of other behavior

79
Q

experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses

A

perception

80
Q

sequence of evens from the eye to the brain. starts at the “bottom” or beginning of the system , when environmental energy stimulates the receptors

A

bottom-up processing

81
Q

processing that originates in the brain at the top of the perceptual system

A

top-down processing

82
Q

Gestalts three laws of perceptual organization

A

good continuation, principe of pragnaz or simplicity, law of similarity

83
Q

states every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. EX:the olympic rings

A

Principle of Pragnanz “good figure” or “simplicity”

84
Q

similar things tend to be grouped together

A

principle of similarity

85
Q

the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in language.

A

speech segmentation

86
Q

Helmholts Likelihood principle states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the patterns of stimuli we have received

A

Hemholts likelihood principle

87
Q

states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the patterns of stimuli we have received

A

Hemholts likelihood principle

88
Q

people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations

A

oblique effect

89
Q

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, “Afraid you will be,” violates which property of the English language?

A. Language symbols must have high discriminability
B. Language involves the use of a lexicon
C. Languge has a structure that is governed by rules
D. Coding is required for langauge

A

C. language has a structure that is governed by rules

90
Q

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, “Afraid you will be,” violates which property of the English language?
A. Language symbols must have high discriminability
B. Language involves the use of a lexicon
C. Languge has a structure that is governed by rules
D. Coding is required for langauge

A

C. language has a structure that is governed by rules

91
Q

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
B. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
C. identify words that are contained in sentences.
D. separate a sentence into individual words.

A

A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or nonword

92
Q

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
B. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
C. identify words that are contained in sentences.
D. separate a sentence into individual words.

A

A. decide whether a string of letters is a word or non-word

93
Q 
Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?
A. Word superiority effect 
B. The lexical decision task
C. Word frequency effect 
D. Phonemic restoration effect
A

C. word frequency effect

94
Q

Noam Chomsky proposed that:
A. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement.
B. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.
C. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before.
D. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

A

D. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

95
Q 
A manager decides to perform unannounced checks to monitor employee performance. On Monday and Wednesday, she monitors every hour. On Tuesday and Friday, she monitors every two hours. On Thursday, she monitors every twenty minutes. This describes a \_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement.
A. variable ratio 
B. fixed interval 
C. variable interval 
D. fixed ratio
A

C. variable interval

96
Q

<p><span>Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a \_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement.</span></p>

<p> </p>

Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A. variable interval
B. fixed ratio
C.variable ratio
D. fixed interval

A

D. fixed interval

97
Q 
Each year, working Americans are required by law to file their income taxes by the April 15 deadline. This describes a \_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement.
A. variable interval 
B. fixed ratio 
C.variable ratio 
D. fixed interval
A

D. fixed interval

98
Q

Some restaurants reward customers with a free meal after they have purchased ten entrees. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable interval
B. variable ratio
C. fixed ratio
D. fixed interval

A

C. fixed ratio

99
Q 
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of           processing.
A. serial 
B. bottom-up 
C. top-down 
D. sequential
A

C. top-down

100
Q 
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the:
A. principle of size constancy. 
B. law of good continuation. 
C. oblique effect. 
D. law of pragnanz.
A

C. oblique efect

Cognition Test 1 RETEST (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions