Coding,Capacity,Duration

Question 1

What did Baddeley (1966) procedure find about coding ?

Answer 1

Immediate recall is worse with acoustically similar words - STM is acoustic (audio)

Recall after 20 minutes is worse with semantically similar words - LTM is semantic (meaning of words)

Question 2

What did Miller (1956) find about capacity of STM?

Answer 2

The span of STM is about 7 items (plus or minus 2)

• but can be increased by chunking, grouping the sets of digits/letters into meaningful units

Question 3

What are the three stores in the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)?

Answer 3

Sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

Question 4

What is the capacity and duration of the Sensory Register?

Answer 4

Very large capacity and less than 250 ms
duration.

Question 5

What is the coding type for Short-Term Memory (STM)?

Answer 5

Acoustic.

Question 6

What is the capacity and duration of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 6

Potentially unlimited capacity and lifetime duration (though decay).

Question 7

What are some strengths of the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)?

Answer 7

Evidence for separate stores from studies on capacity, duration, and coding. Influential in developing memory research.

Question 8

What are some weaknesses of the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)?

Answer 8

Evidence suggests more than three stores. Reductionist; oversimplifies human memory.

Question 9

What does the Working Memory Model (WMM) focus on?

Answer 9

The active processing of information.

Question 10

What are the components of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

Answer 10

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer.

Question 11

What is the role of the Central Executive in the WMM?

Answer 11

A general processing store that coordinates other components.

Question 12

What type of memory involves personal events and experiences?

Answer 12

Episodic Memory.

Question 13

What type of memory involves facts and general knowledge?

Answer 13

Semantic Memory.

Question 14

What type of memory involves skills and habits?

Answer 14

Procedural Memory.

Question 15

What is Interference Theory?

Answer 15

A theory suggesting that forgetting occurs because other memories interfere with the retrieval of a target memory.

Question 16

What is Proactive Interference?

Answer 16

Past memories interfere with new memories.

Question 17

What is Retroactive Interference?

Answer 17

New memories interfere with past memories.

Question 18

What is Retrieval Failure Theory?

Answer 18

A theory proposing that forgetting occurs due to a lack of appropriate retrieval cues.

Question 19

What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?

Answer 19

Information present during learning should be present during recall to aid retrieval.

Question 20

What is Context-Dependent Forgetting?

Answer 20

The environment can act as a retrieval cue.

Question 21

What is State-Dependent Forgetting?

Answer 21

Emotional or physical state can act as a retrieval cue.

Question 22

What factors affect the accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)?

Answer 22

Misleading Information and Anxiety.
Post event discussion

Question 23

What is the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

Answer 23

A method aimed at improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

Question 24

What are the techniques used in the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

Answer 24

Report Everything, Mental Reinstatement of Context, Change Perspective, Change Order.

Question 25

What is a strength of the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

Answer 25

It has been shown to improve recall accuracy.

Question 26

What is a weakness of the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

Answer 26

It is time-consuming and requires special training.

Question 27

What did Patient KF's study support?

Answer 27

Supports WMM; impaired verbal STM, intact visual STM.

Question 28

What did Patient HM's study support?

Answer 28

Supports multiple LTM types; intact procedural LTM, impaired episodic/semantic LTM.

Question 29

What did Gathercole & Baddeley's study suggest?

Answer 29

Dual-task interference suggests separate visual and verbal STM stores.

Question 30

What did Godden & Badley's study find?

Answer 30

Context-dependent forgetting.

Question 31

What did Goodwin's study find?

Answer 31

State-dependent forgetting.

Question 32

What did Underwood's study support?

Answer 32

Proactive interference.

Question 33

What did Loftus & Palmer's study find?

Answer 33

Leading questions affect memory recall.

Question 34

What did Gabbert's study find?

Answer 34

Post-event discussion affects memory recall.

Question 35

What did Johnson & Scott's study find?

Answer 35

Weapon focus effect; anxiety can negatively impact recall.

Question 36

What did Kohnken's study support?

Answer 36

Cognitive interview improves recall accuracy compared to standard police interviews.

Question 37

One strength of Baddeley’s study on memory?

Answer 37

It had identified two memory stores -Baddeleys research led to the distinction of the coding of STM and LTM -STM being acoustic , LTM being semantic -This led to the development of the MSM

Question 38

What is one limitation to Baddeley’s study on memory?

Answer 38

It had used artificial stimuli -the words used had no meaning to the participants so tell us little about everyday coding for everyday memory tasks -When processing more meaningful information people tend to us semantic coding even for STM -this means the finding of this study may be limited to wider application

Question 39

What is one strength of Jacobs study?

Answer 39

It can be replicated -Jacobs studies have been confirmed in later studies by (Bopp and Verhaeghen 2005). -This shows that Jacobs study is valid measure of STM digit span.

Question 40

What is one limitation of Millers research? (Capacity )

Answer 40

May overestimate STM capacity -Cowan 2001 found capacity of STM was only about 4 (+ or - 1) chunks. -Suggesting Miller overestimated capacity and the lower end of his finding may be more appropriate

Question 41

What’s one limitation of the Peterson and Peterson study ?

Answer 41

Meaningless stimuli -The recall of consonant syllables does not reflect meaningful everyday memory tasks -Therefore the study lacked external validity

Question 42

One strength of Bahrick study ?

Answer 42

High external validity - the memory of meaningful everyday memories were studies - when lab studies were done with meaningless pictures to be remembered , recall rates were lower ( Shepard 1967 ) - Meaning Bahrick findings reflect a more real estimate of the duration of LTM

Question 43

What is the Sensory Register?

Answer 43

Where all stimuli from the environment pass into, iconically through vision echoic through hearing

Question 44

How is information transferred from the SR to STM?

Answer 44

Through attention, if attention is paid to the information it will pass further to STM

Question 45

How is STM transferred to LTM?

Answer 45

Maintenance rehearsal is repeating the material to ourselves, over time to pass to LTM.

Question 46

How can you recall information from the LTM store ?

Answer 46

Retrieval