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psycholgy~memory > coding, capacity and duration of memory > Flashcards

coding, capacity and duration of memory Flashcards

1
Q

who did research on coding

A

Baddeley

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2
Q

when did Baddeley do research on coding

A

-1996a
-1996b

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3
Q

what is coding

A

the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores

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4
Q

what were the 4 groups in Baddeley’s study on coding

A

-group 1, acoustically similar
-group 2, acoustically dissimilar
-group 3, semantically similar
-group 4, semantically dissimilar

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5
Q

what were participants asked to do in Baddeley’s study

A

shown words a list of words and asked to recall them in order

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6
Q

baddeleys’s study results

A

-when asked to recall immediately (short-term memory), they did worse on acoustically similar words
-when asked to recall the word list after 20 mins (long-term memory) they did worse on semantically similar words

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7
Q

Baddeley’s conclusion

A

information is coded acoustically in STM and semantically in LTM

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8
Q

who did research on digit span

A

Jacobs

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9
Q

when did Jacobs do research on digit span

A

1887

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10
Q

how is an individuals digit span measured

A

researcher reads out number of digits (eg 4) and participants recall out loud in correct order. this occurs until the participant cannot accurately recall the digits

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11
Q

what did Jacobs find mean digit span to be

A

9.3 items

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12
Q

what did Jacobs find mean span for letters to be

A

7.3 items

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13
Q

who did research on span of memory and chunking

A

Miller

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14
Q

when did Miller do research on span of memory and chunking

A

1956

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15
Q

what did Miller’s research involve

A

observations of everyday life, he noted that things come in 7s such as days of the week, and musical scales and deadly sins

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16
Q

Miller’s results

A

-capacity of STM is 7 plus/minus 2
-people can recall 5 words as easily as they can recall 5 letters, this occurs by chunking

17
Q

what did Miller describe chunking to be

A

grouping sets of digits or letters into units or chunks

18
Q

who did research on duration of STM

A

Peterson and Peterson

19
Q

when did Peterson and Peterson do research onto duration of STM

A

1959

20
Q

procedure for Peterson and Peterson research on STM

A

-tested 24 students in 8 trials
-on each trial, the student was given a consonant syllable to remember
-they were also a given a 3 digit number
-the students has to count backwards from this number until told to stop (this was to prevent mental rehersal of the constant syllable which would increase duration of STM)
-on each trial, they were told to stop after varying periods of time 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds

21
Q

Peterson and Peterson research onto duration of STM results

A

-after 3 seconds average recall was 80%
-after 18 seconds average recall was about 3%

22
Q

Peterson and Peterson conclusion

A

STM duration is around 18 seconds, unless we repeat the information over and over

23
Q

who did study on duration of LTM

A

Bahrick et al

24
Q

when did Bahrick et al research duration of LTM

A

1975

25
Q

Bahrick at al sample

A

392 American participants aged 17-74

26
Q

Peterson and Peterson sample

A

24 students

27
Q

procedure for Bahrick et al’s study on duration of LTM

A

-392 American participants aged 17-74
-high school year books were obtained and recall was tested in various ways
-the first way of recall was the photo-recognition test consisting 50 photos, some from the participants high school year book
-the second way of recall was participants recalled name of their graduating class

28
Q

Bahrick et als study on duration of LTM findings

A

-participants tested within 15 years of graduation were 90% accurate in photo recognition
-after 48 years, recall declined to about 70% for photo recognition
-free recall was less accurate then photo-recognition
-free recall was 60% for after 15 years
-free recall was 30% after 48 years

29
Q

Bahrick et als study on duration of LTM findings on photo-recognition

A

-participants tested within 15 years of graduation were 90% accurate in photo recognition
-after 48 years, recall declined to about 70% for photo recognition
-more accurate then free recall

30
Q

Bahrick et als study on duration of LTM findings on free recall

A

-free recall was less accurate then photo-recognition
-free recall was 60% for after 15 years
-free recall was 30% after 48 years

31
Q

Bahrick et als study on duration of LTM conclusion

A

LTM may last up to a lifetime for some material

32
Q

strength of Baddeley’s research on coding

A

-shows separate memory stores as the is a clear difference identified in the study between the two memory stores. later research has shown some exceptions to Baddeley’s findings but understanding that STM is coded acoustically and LTM is coded semantically is still used.
-this was an important step to our understanding of the memory system which lead to the multi-store model

33
Q

limitation of Baddeley’s research on coding

A

-used artificial stimuli rather than meaningful material. this was because the word lists had no personal meaning to participants so may not tell us much about coding in different kinds of memory tasks, especially in everyday life.
- when processing meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks
-this suggests the findings have limited application

34
Q

strengths of research on capacity

A

-Jacob’s study has been replicated, this study is very old so lacked adequate control. replication means that Jacob’s findings have been confirmed by other, more controlled studies such as Bopp and Verhaeghen (2005)
-this suggests that Jacobs’ study is valid test of digit span in STM

35
Q

limitation of research on capacity

A

-Miller’s research may have overestimated STM capacity
-Cowan (2001) reviewed other research and concluded capacity of STM is 4 +- 1 chunk
-suggests that lower end of millers estimate is more appropriate than 7 items

36
Q

strength of research on duration

A

-Bahrick’s study has high external validity due to researchers investigating meaningful memories. when studies on LTM were conducted on meaningless pictures to be remembered, recall rates were lower –> suggests that Bakrick et al’s findings were a more real estimate to duration of LTM

37
Q

limitation of research on duration

A

-Peterson and Peterson’s study had an artificial stimulus material. althogh we do sometimes remember fairly meaningless material such as phone numbers, remembering constant syllables does not reflect most everyday memory activities when what we are trying to remember is meaningful –> lacked external validity

psycholgy~memory (9 decks)

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