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BACTE > COCCI > Flashcards

COCCI Flashcards

1
Q

GENERA AND SPECIES

A

S. Aureus

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2
Q

COAGULASE-NEGATIVE
STAPHYLOCOCCI

A

S. Epidermidis
S. Haemolyticus
S. Saprophyticus
S. Lugdunensis
S. Schleiferi

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3
Q

COAGULASE-NEGATIVE
STAPHYLOCOCCI

A

S. Capitis
S. Caprae
S. Warneri
S. Hominis
S. Auricularis
S. Cohnii
S. Xylosus
S. Simulans
Micrococcus spp. and related genera
Alloiococcus

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4
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Staphylococcus

A
  • catalase-producing gram (+) cocci
  • aerobic or facultative anaerobic
  • nonmotile, non spore forming
  • spherical cells (0.5 to 1.5 micrometer)
  • normal inhabitants pf skin, mucous membranes and intestines
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5
Q

Catalase producing gram positive cocci belongs to what family?

A

Staphylococcaceae

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6
Q

What are the species of staphylococcus that are not aerobic or facultative anaerobic?

A
  • S. Aureus
  • S. Sacchrolyticus

(Obligate anaerobes)

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7
Q

Spherical cells appear what?

A

Singly, in pairs, and in clusters

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8
Q

What are the colony characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plates (BAP)?

A
  • Colonies are medium-sized (4 to 8 mm),
  • cream-colored, white, or rarely light gold, with a “buttery” appearance
  • Some colonies may be β-hemolytic
  • Other Staphylococcus species may have gray colonies.
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9
Q

Difference of staphylococci and micrococci based on the test Bacitracin (0.04 U)

A

Staphylo: Resistant
Micro: Susceptible (greater than or equal to 10 mm)

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10
Q

Difference of staphylo and micrococci based on the test Furazolidone susceptibility test (100ug)

A

Staphylo: Susceptible (greater than or equal to 15 mm)
Micrococci: Resistant

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11
Q

Difference of staphylo and micrococci based on the test Lysostaphin Sensitivity test

A

Staphylo: Susceptible (10 to 16 mm)
Micro: Resistant

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12
Q

Difference of staphylo and microccoci based on the test Modified Oxidase Test or Microdase Test?

A

Staphylo: negative
Micro: positive

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13
Q

Difference of staphylo and micrococci based on the test Growth on Furoxone-Tween 80-oil Red O Agar?

A

Staphylo: negative
Micro: positive

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14
Q

difference of staphylo and micrococci based on the test Aid production from Glycerol (with erythromycin)

A

Staphylo: positive
Micro: negative

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15
Q

Difference of staphylo and micrococci based on the test OF reaction

A

Staphylo: Fermenter
Micro: Oxidizer

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16
Q

What are the test used between staphylococci and micrococci?

A
  • Bacitracin (0.04 U)
  • Furazolidone susceptibility test (100 ug)
  • Lysostaphin sensitivity test
  • Modified oxidase test / Microdase test
  • Growth on Furoxone- Tween 80-oil Red O Agar
  • Aid Production from glycerol (with erythromycin)
  • OF reaction
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17
Q

Staphylococci that is true coagulase positive and the most virulent species?

A

S. Aureus

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18
Q

What media does S. Aureus grow?

A
  • Nutrient agar (NA)
  • Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB)
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19
Q

On solid media, what are the distinct colony characteristics displayed by S. Aureus?

A
  • round
  • smooth
  • opaque
  • butyrous
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20
Q

On Blood Agar Plate, what colony features does S. Aureus display?

A

Golden yellow color colonies and Beta hemolytic

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21
Q

What is added to cultivate S. Aureus?

A

7.5 to 10% NaCl

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22
Q

Is S. Aureus halophilic?

A

True

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23
Q

S. Aureus is responsible to different spectrum of infections such as?

A

Skin, wound, and deep tissue infections

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24
Q

What teichoice acid is found in the cell wall of S. Aureus?

A

Ribitol teichoic acid

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25
Q

________ and _______ protects the bacteria from lysis and aids in adherence

A

Peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

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26
Q

group of antigen unique to S. Aureus

A

Protein A

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27
Q

How does Protein A in S. Aureus prevents antibody mediated phagocytosis?

A

Protein A competes for the Fc portion of antibodies thereby preventing antibody-mediated phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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28
Q

Protein A prevents what phagocytosis?

A

Antibody mediated phagocytosis

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29
Q

Protein A prevents phagocytosis by?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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30
Q

component on cell wall responsible for
clumping of the whole staphylococci in the
presence of plasma

A

Clumping factor

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31
Q

Clumping factor is responsible for the clumping in the presence of ____?

A

Plasma

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32
Q

This protects the S. Aureus from phagocytosis?

A

Capsular polysaccharide

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33
Q

What are the antigenic structure of S. Aureus?

A
  • teichoic acid
  • peptidoglycan
  • protien A
  • clumping factor
  • capsular polysaccharide
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34
Q

Coagulates fibrinogen in the plasma and promotes fibrin layer formation around the staphylococcal abscess protecting the bacteria from phagocytosis

A

Coagulase (staphylocoagulase)

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35
Q

Staphylocoagulase promotes _____ around the staphylococcal abscess protecting the bacteria from _____

A

Fibrin layer formation ; phagocytosis

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36
Q

Types of coagulase

A
  • cell-bound coagulase or clumping factor
  • unbound or free coagulase
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37
Q

A coagulase that is bound to the cell wall and clots plasma of _____, _____, or _____?

A

Cell-bound coagulase or clumping factor ; human, rabbit, or pig plasma

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38
Q

Extracellular enzymes not bound to the cell wall and cause clot formation when bacterial cells are incubated with plasma

A

Unbound or free coagulase

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39
Q

Free coagulase cause clot when bacterial cells are _____?

A

Bacterial cells areIncubated with plasma

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40
Q

This hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid present in the intracellular ground substance, permitting the spread of infection

A

Hyaluronidase (spreading factor)

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41
Q

Permits the spread of infection

A

Hyaluronidase

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42
Q

Have fibrinolytic activities by dissolving fibrin clot

A

Staphylokinase (fibrinolysin)

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43
Q

Coagulase in staphylococcus is also know as?

A

Staphylocoagulase

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44
Q

Hyaluronidase is also known as

A

Spreading factor

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45
Q

Staphylokinase is also known as

A

Fibrinolysin

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46
Q

This is produced by both coagulas - and + staphylococci

A

Lipase (fat splitting enzyme)

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47
Q

This acts on lipids present on the surface of the skin (particularly fats and oil) that is secreted by the sebaceous glands

48
Q

____ is important in the formation of furuncles, carbuncles, and boils

49
Q

Lipase allows staphylococci to penetrate deeper into the skin tissues, promoting localized infections such as _______, ______, and________

A

Furuncles, carbuncles, and boils

50
Q

What skin substance does lipase act on? And where they are produced?

A

Acts on fats and oils ; secreted by the sebaceous glands on the skin

51
Q

Function of deoxyribonuclease and phosphatase in S. Aureus infections?

A

DNAse lowers the viscosity of exudates by breaking down DNA which enhances the pathogen’s mobility in infected tissues.

52
Q

This destroys DNA

A

Deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) and phosphatase

53
Q

What does Beta lactamase breaks down

A

Penicillin and beta lactam drugs

54
Q

What are the enzymes of S. Aureus

A
  • coagulase (staphylocoagulase)
  • hyaluronidase (spreading factor)
  • staphylokinase (fibrinolysin)
  • lipase (fat splitting enzyme)
    -DNAse and phosphatase
  • protease
  • gelatinase
  • beta lactamase
55
Q

What are the cytolytic toxins

A

Hemolysins and Leokocidins

56
Q

This damage RBC, platelets and macrophages and cause sever tissue damage

A

Alpha hemolysin

57
Q

Alpha hemolysins damage _____, _____, _____ and cause severe ______

A

Rbc, platelets, macrophage; severe tissue damage

58
Q

Predominant hemolysin

A

Alpha hemolysin

59
Q

Acts on the sphingomyelin in the plasma memrane of rbc

A

Beta hemolysin (Sphingomyelinase C)

60
Q

Where does beta hemolysin acts on?

A

Sphingomyelin in the plasma membrane of RBC

61
Q

Enhance hemolytic activity on ________ and subsequent exposure to ________

A

Incubation at 37 celsius (heat labile) ; cold a 4 celsius

62
Q

Beta hemolysin is exhibited in what test?

63
Q

effect of beta hemolysin

A

Lethal and dermonecrotic

64
Q

Beta hemolysin aka _____

A

Hot-cold lysine

65
Q

Less toxic to cells than alpha or beta

A

δ-Hemolysin (delta hemolysin)

66
Q

This toxin is produced by all S. Aureus strain

A

Delta hemolysin

67
Q

Associated with Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)

A

Gamma hemolysin (y-hemolysin)

68
Q

Gamma hemolysin is associated with

A

Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)

69
Q

An exotoxin that is lethalto Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Staphylococcal Leukocidin (Panton- Valentine Leukocidin)

70
Q

PVL is lethal to?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

71
Q

Mechanism of action of PVL?

A

Pore forming exotoxin that suppress phagocytosis, associated with severe cutaneous inections and necrotizing pneumonia

72
Q

Pvl is associated what infections and dxs?

A

Severe cutaneous infections and necrotizing pneumonia

73
Q

4 types of hemolysins?

A

Alpha, beta, delta and gamma hemolysins

74
Q

What are staphylococcal enterotoxins?

A

They are heat stable exotoxins produced by S. Aureus that can withstand boiling and resistant to hydrolysis by gastric and jejunal enzymes

75
Q

Enterotoxins can withstand boiling for ____

A

100 celsius for 30 minutes

76
Q

Enterotoxins are resistant to hydrolysis by _____ and _____

A

Gastric and jejunal enzymes

77
Q

How do enterotoxins affect the body?

A

They act as neurotoxins that stimulate vomiting through the vagus nerve

78
Q

Percentage of S. Aureus isolates produce enterotoxins?

A

Enterotoxins are produced by 30% to 50% of S. Aureus isolates.

79
Q

Which enterotoxins are primarily associated with food poisoning?

A

A, B, AND D

80
Q

Enterotoxins that are implicated in TSS

A

B AND C ; SOMETIMES G AND I

81
Q

What condition can enterotoxin B cause?

82
Q

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 is also known as

A

Enterotoxin F or Pyrogenic exotoxin C

83
Q

What condition is TST 1 particuarly associated with?

A

Menstruation-related toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

84
Q

Menstruating-related TSS is especially linked to?

A

Tampon use

85
Q

How is TSST1 produced by S. Aureus?

A

Chromosomal mediated toxin

86
Q

TSS act as ____ and trigger an extreme immune response. leading to t cell proliferation and release cytokines

A

Superantigen

87
Q

Effects of diff. Concentrationsof TSST1 on cells?

A

At low concentration = TSST1 causes leakage -> low blood pressure
At higher concentration = cytotoxic

88
Q

TSST1 causes leakage by _____

A

Endothelial cells

89
Q

Exfoliative toxins also known as

A

Epidermolytic toxin A and B or Exfoliatin serotypes A and B

90
Q

what kind of protease is he exfoliative toxin?

A

serine protease

91
Q

divides the intracellular bridges of the epidermis and causes excessive sloughing of the epidermis (stratum granulosum)

A

exfoliative toxin

92
Q

what skin condition is caused by exfoliative toxins?

A

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

93
Q

what skin condition is caused by exfoliative toxins?

A

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

94
Q

SSSS is also known as

A

Ritter’s disease

95
Q

Which skin condition s exfoliatie oxin implicaed in

A

Bullous Impetigo

95
Q

result to a widespread blistering and peeling of the skin (appearance of burns)

A

Ritter’s disease

96
Q

Localized skin infection that also involves blister formation

A

Bullous impetigo

97
Q

What are the toxins produced by S.aureus?

A
  • Cytolytic toxins
  • Enterotoxins
  • TSST-1
  • Exfoliative toxin
98
Q

Mild inflammation of a hair follicle or oil gland; infected area is raised and red (INITIAL AND LESS SEVERE)

A

Folliculitis

99
Q

Folliculitis is what?

A

Mild inflammation of hair follicle

100
Q

Folliculatis forms ___ around hair follicles

A

domed pustules

101
Q

Large, raised, superficial abscesses

A

Furuncles (boils)

102
Q

Arises when a large abscess forms around the hair follicle

103
Q

Present with fever and chills, indicating systemic infection

A

Carbuncles

104
Q

type of infection that affects the whole body and is caused by carbuncles

105
Q

carbuncles consist of a ____ around several hair follicles

A

multilocular abscess

106
Q

Larger pustules surrounded by a small zone of erythema

A

Bullous impetigo

107
Q

Bullous impetigo is what?

A

Highly contagious infection that spread by direct contact, fomites or autoinoculation

108
Q

Bullous impetigo spread through?

A

Direct contact, fomites, or autoinoculation

109
Q

It is a superficial cutaneous infection commnly seen in newborns and young chidren

110
Q

Impetigo is characterized by formation of ______ surrounded by red border

A

encrusted pustules

111
Q

Clinical manifestation with multiple causes; symptoms are due to hypersensitivity reaction

A

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

112
Q

what are the cutaneous infections?

A
  • folliculitis
  • furuncles
  • carbuncles
  • bullous impetigo
  • scalded skin syndrome
  • toxic epidermal necrolysis

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