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Cell Phys > Coat Colors-Exam 2 > Flashcards

Coat Colors-Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

D locus

A

Dilution

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2
Q

D

A

Full color

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3
Q

d

A

Dilute (intensity of pigment decreased- including nose, footpads, iris). Both eumelanin and pheomelanin affected.

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4
Q

If BB/Bb crossed with dd

A

Black becomes blue or grey

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5
Q

If bb crossed with dd

A

chocolate becomes silver or dusty

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6
Q

If sealpoint becomes bluepoint (dd)

A

Black becomes blue

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7
Q

If chocolate point became lilac then

A

dd was crossed from D locus

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8
Q

If orange cat becomes cream then

A

dd was crossed from d locus

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9
Q

S locus

A

Spotting series (distal coloring)

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10
Q

S (dogs)

A

Solid color

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11
Q

s^i (dogs)

A

Irish spotting (white on throat, ventral midline, paws, tail tip

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12
Q

s^p(dogs)

A

Piebald

Variable white over extremities

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13
Q

s^w(dogs)

A

extreme white spotting: white coat, few pigmented spots

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14
Q

S (cats)

A

white spotting

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15
Q

s(cats)

A

solid color

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16
Q

S locus control theory

A

Either controls melanocyte migration or melanocyte survival

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17
Q

Melanocyte migration

A

S locus

Melanocytes originate at neural crest and have to migrate to diff parts of the body. Reason why distal extremeties are white is because melanocytes failed to migrate there.

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18
Q

How to get a white dog and the difference

A

C locus= have melanocytes but tyrosinase doesn’t work and there’s no pigment

S locus= don’t have pigment because there aren’t any melanocytes

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19
Q

Incomplete dominance in S locus

A

Ss^p can look like s^is^i because of incomplete dominance.

Intermediate phenotype results that shows a mixture of both phenotypes

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20
Q

Fixed alleles

A

Seen in S locus

When allele is fixed in a population, the entire population has that allele.

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21
Q

G locus

A

Early greying

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22
Q

G

A

G locus

early greying

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23
Q

g

A

G locus

normal allele

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24
Q

M locus

A

Merle

Changes dark eumelanin pigment to grey. Areas of black appear within grey, represent “reversion” of Merle allele M to m.

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25
Q

SILV gene

A

Ortholog-gene that appears across species (seen in mice and dogs and cows)

In mice, recessive trait of black dilutino with age

In charlais cattle, results in dilution

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26
Q

Paralogs and Homologs

A

Paralogs- copy of same gene is same species

Homologs- similar physical structures in different species (due to orthologs)

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27
Q

Classic merle

A

Grey dog with ragged black patches-Mm

28
Q

Merle phenotype due to what mutatino

A

Insertion mutation

Short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) found throughout genome and particularly at intron 10, exon 11, inserted SINE creates big M allele and causes GAIN OF FUNCTION that changes black pigment to grey

29
Q

Mm should be grey but you see grey with ragged black spots. Why?

A

Somatic reversion (very common in Great Danes)

Grey color is due to Mm but black spots are due to mm*.

mm* shows there is a lost in GOF so you see black (with the black spots) instead of just grey.

30
Q

m*

A

“Genetic scar”

Used to be M allele but polyA tail in SINE is lost

31
Q

Black spots on merle dog

A

GOF has been lost=m*

Black spots increase in number as dog gets older because new skin cells are made as the dog gets older.

32
Q

M

A

M locus

Merle

33
Q

m

A

M locus

full color

34
Q

MM

A

M locus

“defective white” All white or white with patches of dark or black often with neuroendocrine problems (deaf and blind)

35
Q

Mm

A

legit merle

36
Q

M^h

A

Harlequin merle causes harlequin like pattern in shetland sheepdog

37
Q

mm

A

non merle

38
Q

All dogs that are merle have what mutation

A

SINE insertion at intron 10 and exon 11

39
Q

Classic harlequin phenotype and genotype

A

White dog with black spots

MmHh

40
Q

HH

A

H locus

Embryonic lethal-death

41
Q

MmHh

A

Harlequin (diluted Merle)

42
Q

h

A

H locus

normal allele-non-HQ

43
Q

hh

A

H locus

full color

44
Q

To be HQ

A

You HAVE to be merle

45
Q

Variable pentrance

A

There are some cases where you can get HQ with MmHh and MMHh. Normally, MM would be defective white but with variable penetrance, you can have genotype for defective white but not see trait

46
Q

mmHh

A

Full color, not HQ or merle

47
Q

Mmhh

A

Merle not HQ

48
Q

Can see grey spots in HQ, why?

A

Somatic reversion at H
Grey spot in black spot=m*mhh
There’s a somatic reversion at M locus and somatic reversion at H

49
Q

Somatic reversions at M vs H locus

A

M-abnormal frequency. Reversions happen a lot throughout the dog and is unstable

H-normal frequency. Normal frequency of reversions, a couple of times per dog

50
Q

How to decrease fecundity in HQ

A

Germline mutation–>HH

Repro success is lower due to lethal embryonic genotype

51
Q

I locus

A

In cats

Silver

I-silver/smoke

i-full pigment

52
Q

Tabby locus

A

Encompasses 2 loci

Ticked locus and Tabby locus

53
Q

Ticked locus

A

Part of Tabby phenotype determination

Ti^A=ticked (dominant)
Ti^+=non-ticked (recessive)

54
Q

Ti^A

A

Full color. Not tabby

55
Q

Ti^+

A

Non-ticked. Allows tabby if homozygous (Ti^+Ti^+)

56
Q

Tabby locus

A

Ta^M=mackrel (Dominant)

Ta^b=blotched (Recessive)

57
Q

C locus S locus and what other locus can cause white cats

A

W locus

58
Q

W locus

A

White locus

59
Q

W
WW
Ww
w

A

W-removes nearly all pigment (eyes blue or yellow)
WW-nearly all def (blue eyes not required)
Ww-25% deaf
w-non-white

60
Q

O locus

A

Orange

61
Q

Give orange male and female
Give non orange male and female

Torty female

A

O female=OO
O male=OY

Non O female= O+O+
Non O male=O+Y

Torty=OO+

62
Q

Males are homo, hemi, or heterozygous

A

Hemi. Whatever one X chromosome they have you’ll see

63
Q

How is torty observed?

A

X inactivation. In development, cell chooses to inactivate mom X or dad X.

X activation late in development=small spots
X activation early in development=Big spots

64
Q

Chimerism

A

X inactivation.

All girls are chimeric. Only express one X from either dad or mom.

65
Q

How to have calico boy?

A

Klienfelters like sydrome: XXY

Randomly inactivate 1X.

Cell Phys (2 decks)

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