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geography coasts > coasts eq1 > Flashcards

coasts eq1 Flashcards

1
Q

littoral zone

A

boundary between land and sea which stretches out to sea and onto the shore

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2
Q

rias

A

coastal inlet formed by the partial submerge of an underglaciated river valley

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3
Q

sediment cells

A

length of coastline and its associated nearshore area within which the movement of sediment is largely self- contained.

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4
Q

rocky plains

A
  • can have high or low reliefs
  • created by resistant geology
  • often in high energy environments
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5
Q

coastal plains

A
  • alluvial coasts
  • sand + estuary coasts
  • low relief areas where land slowly slopes towards the sea
  • low energy environments
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6
Q

formation processes- primary coasts

A
  • formed by land-based processes such as deposition or lava flows.
  • material comes from land
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7
Q

formation processes- secondary

A
  • created by marine erosion or deposition

- material comes from sea

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8
Q

geology

A
  • coastlines can be classified according to:
  • sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous
  • concordant, discordant
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9
Q

sea level change - emergent

A

where the coasts are rising relative to sea level, for example due to tectonic uplift.

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10
Q

sea level change - submergent

A

are being flooded by the sea, either due to rising sea levels and/or subsiding land.

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11
Q

tidal range

A

varies hugely on coastlines,, coasts can be:

  • micro tidal coasts (tidal range 0-2m)
  • mesotidal coasts (2-4m)
  • micro tidal coasts (more than 4m)
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12
Q

high energy

A
  • high energy exposed coasts, facing prevailing winds with long wave fetches = powerful waves.
  • destructive, storm conditions
  • erosion, strong backwash weak swash,
  • headlands, cliffs, arches
  • atlantic, pacific
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13
Q

low energy

A
  • low energy sheltered coasts with limited fetch and low wind speeds = small waves.
  • constructive waves, calm conditions
  • deposition + transport + LSD. - - spits, bars sand dunes, marshes
  • Mediterranean Sea
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14
Q

igneous

A
  • formed by fire
  • formed from magma (minerals in mantle)
  • extrussive: magma reaches surface + cools.
  • intrussive: magma cools below surface.
  • few joints = few weaknesses
  • are crystalline: interlocking crystals = resistant rock
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15
Q

examples igneous

A
  • granite
  • basalt
  • tuff
  • pumice
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16
Q

metamorphic

A
  • high levels of heat changes some minerals to new rock
  • thermal metamorphism: on a small scale near volcanoes or intrusive.
  • regional metamorphism: affects larger areas of rock as it creates big amounts of pressure + heat.
  • may have foliation: crystals areorientated in 1D = weakness.
  • some are crystalline
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17
Q

examples metamorphic

A
  • slate
  • marble
  • gneiss
  • schist
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18
Q

sedimentary

A
  • by layers of sediment (bits of rock broken down by W + E)
  • layers upon layers = compacted + lithified (turned to rock)
  • clastic: made up of broken rock fragments stuck together.
  • non-clastic: formed from sediment that was dissolved in water during W or E and D due to a chemical reaction nor biological process
  • young rocks + with many bedding planes tend to be weaker
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19
Q

examples sedimentary

A
  • sandstone
  • limestone
  • shale
  • rock salt
  • mudstone
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20
Q

concordant

A

bands of different rocks run parallel to the coast.

- coves: due to the factions + strata, erodes faster

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21
Q

discordant

A

bands of different rocks run at different angles (right angles) to the coast.
- headlands and bays

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22
Q

haff coastlines

A
  • along concordant
  • with long spits or bars of sand and lagoons behind them.
  • e.g: Haffs in southern shore of Baltic Sea
23
Q

dalmation coastlines

A
  • concordant
  • due to rise in sea level
  • valleys have flooded + ridges have remained forming islands
  • e:g: Dalmation coast in Croatia
24
Q

morphology

A

shape + form of coastal landscape and their feature

25
Q

lithology

A

physical characteristics of particular rocks

26
Q

strata

A

layers of rock

27
Q

bedding planes

A

horizontal cracks, natural breaks in strata, caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation
- eg: Grand Canyon

28
Q

joints

A

vertical cracks, caused by contraction as sediments dry out or by earth movement during uplift.

29
Q

folds

A

formed by pressure during tectonic activity, makes rocks buckle and crumple
- eg: Lulworth crumple

30
Q

faults

A

formed when stress or pressure put on rocks exceeds its internal strength (it fractures). the faults then slip/move along the fault planes

31
Q

dip

A

angle at which rock strata lie (horizontally, vertically), dipping towards the sea or inland.
- eg: mount Rundle in canada

32
Q

fissures

A

smalls cracks in rock

33
Q

microfeatures

A

small caves and holes in a rock

34
Q

recession

A

how fast a coastline is moving inland

35
Q

what affects coastal recession?

A
  • rock type
  • weathering
  • mass movement
  • wave energy
  • rising sea levels
  • absence of beach
  • human activity (coastal defences elsewhere lead to increase erosion)
36
Q

permeable rocks

A

allow water to flow through them, can remove the cement that binds sediment together + can cause PWP

37
Q

pore water pressure

PWP

A

pressure water experiences at a particular point below the water table due to the weight of water above it.

38
Q

unconsolidated sediment

A

material such as sand, gravel, clay and slit that has not been cemented to become sedimentary rock (no lithification), loose = easy erosion

39
Q

impermeable rocks

A

do not allow groundwater flows, includes clays, mudstones and most igneous and metamorphic.

40
Q

physical factors influencing coastal recession

A
  • tidal range
  • vegetation protection
  • location
  • discordant/ concordant
  • high/low energy
  • coastal morphology
  • relief
  • lithology
  • geology
  • permeability/impermeability
41
Q

flocculation

A

tiny clay particles sticking to one another

42
Q

halophytes

A
  • tolerant to salt water, either around their roots or salt spray from the sea
  • help to slow down tidal flow and trap more mud and silt
  • form when mud flats develop, as they begin to colonise area
43
Q

halosere

A

a salt marsh ecosystem

44
Q

salt marshes

A
  • in low-energy coastline of estuaries + spits
  • tidal conditions bring sea water + sediments in + out
  • rivers bring muds + silts = deposited sides of estuaries
  • flocculation occurs + is colonised by algae
  • pioneer plants have to survive brackish water
  • plants change conditions by trapping more sediment = builds the salt marsh up = other plants can colonise
  • mud contains invertebrates, many plants can be grazed by migrating wildfowl (Brent geese) + waders (oystercatchers)
45
Q

brackish water

A
  • slightly salty water
  • river + sea mixed
  • yellow/brown
46
Q

salt marsh stages

A
  • algae stage
  • pioneer stage
  • establishment
    stabilisation
  • climax vegetation
47
Q

algae stage (SM)

A
  • growth and and within bare mud, brinding it together
  • eelgrass
  • gut weed
48
Q

pioneer stage(SM)

A
  • roots begin to stabilise the mud, allowing further mud accsetion
  • glass wort
  • cordgrass
49
Q

establishment stage (SM)

A
  • a continuos carpet of veg is established and the salt marsh height increases
  • sea aster
  • marsh grass
  • pickleweed
50
Q

stabilisation stage(SM)

A
  • this area of the salt marsh is rarely submerged
  • sea thrift
  • sea lavender
51
Q

climax vegetation (SM)

A
  • developed soul profile and only submerged once or twice each year
  • rush sedge
52
Q

psammosere

A

sand dune ecosystem

53
Q

sand dune

A
  • low energy coastline
  • aeolian processes cause sand to move
  • sand is accumulated due to an obstacle (pebble)
  • deposition occurs and forms an embryo dune, pioneers grow such as sea rockets.
54
Q

sand dune stages

A
  • embryo dune, marram grass
  • as these develop, grow + form fore dunes (lyme grass and sedge + marram)
  • at first the dunes are yellow (lyme grass + sedge)
  • then darken to grey as decaying plants add humus (low shrubs)
  • depressions between dunes can develop into dune slacks - damper areas where the water table is closer to, or at the surface (aquatic plants)
  • climax community - woodland (scots pine, oak trees)

geography coasts (1 decks)

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