Coasts EQ1

Question 1

Importance Of Vegetation on Sand Dunes

Answer 1

1. stops erosion
2. land accretation (growth)
3. creates new habitats

Question 2

Formation of a Dalmation

Answer 2

fluctuations in sea level result in dalmations
low sea level = erosion of geology
high sea level = submerging of geology and only the top part is exposed

Question 3

Formation of a Haff

Answer 3

sediment such as sand and gravel is transported in rivers, currents and through longshore drift.
when wave energy and current is low and sediment load is high it results in deposition
overtime sediment accumilates and forms and barrier which seperates the open sea from the coastal lagoon.

Question 4

Factors effecting coastal morphology (shape)

Answer 4

1. wave action - constructive and destructive waves = concordant and discordant coasts
2. geology - hard and soft rock = faults, joints and other lines of weakness
3. sea level change = dalmations

Question 5

Morphology meaning

Answer 5

shape of coast

Question 6

lithology meaning

Answer 6

geology characteristics
eg. hard/soft rock
eg. ignoeus, metamorphic and sedimentry rock
eg. faults, joints and other lines of weakness

Question 7

How does geology effect the coastal landscape

Answer 7

1. type of rock - hard and soft rock = concordant and discordant coasts
2. bedrock lithology- Igneous, metamorphic and sedimetary = rates of erosion

Question 8

Formation of a wave cut notch and platform

Answer 8

1. destructive waves with high energy attack the bottom of the cliff causing erosion by hydraulic action ( ) and abrasion ( ).
2. overtime this leads to an undercut of the base of the cliff = wave cut notch
3. eventually as more undercutting takes place, cliffs over arching rock becomes unstable and collapses
4. when the over arching rock collapses, it eventually moved inland in a sloped shape= wave cut platform
5. wave cut platform is exposed at low tide

Question 9

Formation of a Crack-Stump

Answer 9

1. It forms around a headland and forms by air being trapped in fault lines and joints of a rock and destructive waves hit against the rock causing pressure and leads to the rock chipping off creating a crack - erosion by hydraulic action.
2. Erosional processes widen the crack overtime leading to dislodged rock and erosion causes this to become a cave
3. more erosion takes place and overtime the waves break the rock through the headland and forms an arch
4. the rock above cannot hold itself and becomes unstable and evetually collapses leaving a stack
5. the stack is undercut by erosion and collapses too leaving behind a stump which is visible at low tides
   eg. durdle door, dorset

Question 10

Importance of vegetation - Protecting the coast

Answer 10

Salt marshes and mangroves work to protect the coast from erosion. The extensive roots bind soil together and reducing impacts of winds, waves and currents. salt marshes and mangroves provide a natural barrier for flooding and storm surges as the dense roots dissipate wave energy reducing impacts of flooding. The natural barrier helps stop impacts of erosion, protecting local communities and integrity of thr natural landforms.

Question 11

Importance of Vegetation- land accretation (growth)

Answer 11

coastal vegtation can help trap sediment from waves and currents this sediment accumilates around the plants and contributes to land accretation, encouraging the growth of new land. saltmarshes and mangroves help bind sediment together with their roots amd this builds up new land, stabalising the dune, providing more strong and effective protection for the coast against erosion

Question 12

Importance of vegetation- habitat creation

Answer 12

the build up of sediment can help create more land and growth of the sand dune which can help unique species such as planys adapted to harsh conditions, coastal birds and burrowing animals . these habitats can help contribute to local biodiversity and increase ecological resilience.

Question 13

ICZM- Sustainable coastak management

Answer 13

Aims to holistically manage the coast keeling in mind local communitues, jobs and sustanablity. it works together with stakeholders and natural processes to manage the coast through adaptive management.

Case study = Blackwater eastury

Question 14

Sustainble coastal management

Answer 14

Managing flood risk- soft engineering
ICZM - holistic management
Adaptation- evacuation and building stratagies
Managing natural resources

Question 15

Case studies for coastal managment

Answer 15

Holderness, Hornsea
Happisbrugh, Northfolk
Southsea, Portsmouth
Lincolnshire Beach
Blackwater Eastury
Maldieves
Tuvalu

Question 16

Does hard engineering create more loosers

Answer 16

Intro-
Yes- it benifits who can afford it - after hurricane katrina, ses walls were build for wealthy parts of new orleans and poor parts were left vunerable.
Yes- tourism industries get effected - swanage - stragaties like steps to make beach accessible have been implamented
No- doesnt create winners or loosers but its bad, its costly and bad for the environment. disrupts the sediment cells eg. hornsea coast
No- benificial and effective eg. southsea coastal scheme aims to savs 10,000 houses and 700 businesses during sea walls and rock armour.
concl

Question 17

Does sustainable management protect the coast ?

Answer 17

Intro-
Yes- Soft engineering stratagies aim to reduce impacts of erosion eg. lincolnshire coast
Yes-
No- sustainable management focuses more on economic and enviromnetal factors which need to be protected therefore forget how hard engineering is very effective
No- doesnt take into account uncertainity of sea level change and that sustinable management wont be effective for sea level rise and rise in erosion

Question 18

Mega disaster case study Boxing day Tsunami 2004

Answer 18

14 countries surrounding the indian ocean was effected
220,000 deaths
major economic losses in sri lanks, thailand, somalia

Question 19

Case Study- Japan 2011

Answer 19

Decstructive Margin- subduction of eurasian and pacific plate
16,000 people died
city of sendai was completly destroyed

Question 20

Case Study - E15 eruption Iceland

Answer 20

Conservative Plate - strong magma plume rose
100,000 flights cancelled due to ash cloud in the air
causing economic loss of $1billion
over 20 european countries were effected

Question 21

Case Study- Sichuan 2008

Answer 21

69,000 deaths
$140 billion loss

Question 22

Case Study- Mount Pinatubo 1991

Answer 22

Destructive margin
850 deaths
650,000 jobs lost

Question 23

Case Study - Haiti 2010

Answer 23

conservative plate
mag 7
360,000 deaths
30% increase in poverty

Question 24

Social Impacts of tectonic hazards

Answer 24

Loss of life and homelessness eg. Haiti= 360,000 deaths and over 1milliom people homeless
significance depends on magnitude of event

Question 25

Economic Impacts of Tectonic Hazards

Answer 25

economic losses- destruction of infastructure and economic activity such as destroyed buildings and loss of jobs can result in economic losses, these economic losses can effect other economies such as tourism and manufacturing.
haiti suffered 30% increase in poverty after 2010 earthquake
e15 eruption had over €1 billion loss due to ash cloud disrupting flights and over 20 european countried suffered

Question 26

Environmental Impacts of tectonic hazards

Answer 26

soil contamination = mount pinatubo 1991
ash from volcano = pollution = E15
Johakalup from E15 = increased volume of water = flooding