Coasts CS - Odisha

Question 1

Location

Answer 1

• coastal state NE India (South Asia)

Question 2

Characteristics

Answer 2

• 485 km coastline
• 2018 population = 46m and growing rapidly (13% in last 10 years)
• huge range of marine wildlife: mangroves, olive Ridley turtles, sand dunes, sea grass meadows, salt marshes, estauies
• unique ecology -> 1435km squared mangrove forest, 6 major deltas (known as hexadeltal region)
• mainly a coastline of depositional landforms (46.8%) (a major store within its part of the Bay of Bengal
• rivers form a major input of sediment into the local system

Question 3

Opportunities

Answer 3

• both the sea and lakes of Odisha are rick in fish stocks making fish a primary income source
• 35% of coast contain valuable minerals and metal ores that can be extracted
• tourist appeal: 150 bird species n Chiluba lake bird sanctuary
• renewable energy via wind and tidal power is a major player in the region
• potential for the extraction of offshore oil and gas in the region as well as possibly future seabed mining

Question 4

Risk

Answer 4

• long term threat from climate change in region is high
• levels of erosion has increased over past decade
• Odisha: 46.8% depositional, 36.8% erosional, 14.4% stable -> constantly changing
• many old sea defences are now having negative impact on area: especially sea walls around major ports which seem to have accelerated erosion
• large tropical storms suggest that the frequency + intensity of storms will increase due to climate change
• 2013 cyclone phailin

Question 5

Resilience

Answer 5

• despite annual threat from monsoons + seasonal tropical storms and rising sea levels people remain due to their desire to stay ‘home”
• all management plans proposed under ICZM are designed to be resilient and suitable in terms of dealing with coastal processes, tropical storms ad human threats such as tourism now and into the future

Question 6

ICZM aims

Answer 6

• establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity
• resolve environmental, social and economic challenges and conflicts
• protect the coastal environment -> increase livelihood security
• manage pollution
• decrease vulnerability to disaster
• decrease coastal erosion
• conserve biodiversity

Question 7

Adaptation

Answer 7

• major focus of the scheme is to provide fishing families wit an alternative source of income to remove their need to live on the coast
• schemes such as becoming dairy or poultry (chicken) farmers further inland have been popular and shown success
• former fishermen are trained in how top run alternative businesses reducing their reliance on the dangerous coast
• people food is ha are now we’ll used to reviewing management strategies and have become increasingly adaptable to deal with proposed changes

Question 8

Mitigation

Answer 8

• before tropical storms the authorities now mitigate by: broadcasting warnings, conducting staged evacuation and providing relief supplies ahead of the storm + routes of evacuation
• in 2011 the ICZM projects began, considering the views of stakeholders at every level and ensuring that this dynamic coastline has managed as one large area
• wetlands international (an NGO) is now working with Odishans to plant mangroves across the coast in order top provide a natural barrier to erosion and storm surges -> benefit of three mangroves is that they are able t cope with rising sea level
• detailed plans have been created following stakeholder consultation with scenarios proposed which mitigates risk by limiting human development on the coastline. Huge variety f physical and human factors have been considered to ensure that the plan is fully comprehensive