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Geography paper 1 > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of weathering

A
  • biological(plants grow in cracks)
  • chemical(rocks dissolved by chemicals in water)
  • mechanical(freeze-thaw)
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2
Q

Weathering describes___

A

the breaking down of rocks where they are

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3
Q

Mass movements describes___

A

when rocks and loose material shift down slopes

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4
Q

Types of mass movement

A
  • slides(down slope in a straight line)
  • slumps(down a slope with rotation)
  • rockfalls(material breaks apart and then rolls down slope)
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5
Q

Erosion describes___

A

the wearing away of rocks using movement

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6
Q

Types of erosion

A
  • abrasion(rocks hit against coast)
  • hydraulic action(waves breaks rocks apart)
  • solution(seawater dissolves some rocks)
  • attrition(rocks rub together and break into smaller pieces)
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7
Q

Coastal deposition describes___

A

when material is dropped by seawater on the shore

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8
Q

What causes deposition to occur at the coast

A

Constructive waves

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9
Q

Longshore drift

A

transports material along coastlines

  1. wind approaches the coast at an angle due to prevailing wind direction
  2. the swash forces sediment up the beach at a 45 degree angle
  3. the backwash falls at right angles to the coastline
  4. this zig zag process continues
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10
Q

Swash vs backwash

A

Swash carries material up the beach

Backwash carries material down the beach

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11
Q

Types of water transportation

A
  • solution(rocks dissolved in water)
  • suspension(sand particles are carries along)
  • saltation(small particles bounce along bed)
  • traction(large rocks are rolled along bed)
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12
Q

Destructive waves

A
  • Weak swash, strong backwash
  • Material is dragged into the sea, eroding the coast
  • High energy
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13
Q

Constructive waves

A
  • Strong swash, weak backwash
  • Material is carries onto the beach, building up the coast
  • Lower energy
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14
Q

Geological structure

-rock type

A

Hard rocks = resistant to erosion

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15
Q

Geological structure

-joints and faults

A

Joints and faults are cracks in rocks

If rocks have joints or faults they are more vulnerable to erosion

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16
Q

Geological structure

  • concordant coats
  • discordant coasts
A

Concordant coats are made of 1 rock type

Discordant coats are made of 2 or more rock types

17
Q

Impacts of climate on coastal erosion

A
  • storm frequency
  • prevailing winds
  • seasonality
18
Q

Uk’s prevailing winds

A

Warm
South-westerlies
Bring Atlantic storms

19
Q

Erosional landforms

A
  • headlands and bays
  • caves, arches and stacks
  • cliffs
  • wave-cut platforms
20
Q

Erosional landform

-wave cut platform

A
  1. waves erode the base of the cliff forming a wave-cut notch
  2. erosion of the wave-cut notch causes the rock above it to collapse
  3. waves wash away collapsed material and it starts over
  4. over time events lead to the cliff retreating leaving behind a wave-cut platform
21
Q

Erosional landform

-headlands and bays

A
  1. the sea hits both the hard and soft rock
  2. the soft rock is eroded easier creating a bay
  3. the less eroded hard rock juts out creating a headland
22
Q

Erosional landform

-caves, arches and stacks

A 
Erosion at a headland
Caves
-when waves erode joints and faults in the rock
Arches
-when caves erode the way through
Stacks
-when an arch collapses
23
Q

Depositional landforms

A
  • beaches
  • spits
  • bars
24
Q

Depositional landforms

-beaches

A

beaches are made by constructive waves depositing sand inland

25
Q

Depositional landforms

-spits

A

Spits are long fingers of sand that often have salt marshes behind them

Where the river meets the sea LSD moves sediment.
The river doesn’t let LSD completely join to the coast

26
Q

Depositional landforms

-bars

A

Bars form when a spit grows across a bay

Lagoons often form behind bars

27
Q

Human activity effecting the coast

A
  • agriculture
  • industry
  • coastal management
  • development(eg. settlement)
28
Q

Coastal defences

Hard engineering

A
  • groynes
  • rock armour(rip-rap)
  • sea wall
  • gabions
29
Q

Coastal defences

-groynes

A

Wooden fences that stick out 90 degrees to the coast

ADV
-they stop material being transported by LSD
DIS
-don’t stop erosion further down the coast

30
Q

Coastal defences

-rock armour(rip-rap)

A

A pile of boulders

ADV

  • reduces erosion by absorbing wave energy
  • cheap
31
Q

Coastal defences

-sea walls

A

Made out of hard materials that reflect waves

ADV
-prevent coastal erosion and flooding
DIS
-expensive

32
Q

Coastal defences

-gabions

A

Are wired cages filled with rocks

ADV

  • reduce erosion by absorbing wave energy
  • cheap
33
Q

Coastal defences

Soft engineering

A
  • dune regeneration

- beach nourishment

34
Q

Coastal defences

-dune regeneration

A

Involves creating sand dunes

ADV
-reduces wave energy
DIS
-only small areas protected

35
Q

Coastal defences

-beach nourishment

A

Involves moving material to upper areas of the beach

ADV

  • reduces wave energy
  • widens the beach

DIS
-threatens organisms

36
Q

Managed retreat

A

Coastal defences are removed and the sea i allowed to flood the coast which will turn to marshland which reduces erosion and flooding of land behind it

ADV

  • cheap
  • no maintenance needed
  • provides habitats

DIS
-conflict about what areas are allowed to flood

37
Q

Case study

A

Dawlish Warren

Geography paper 1 (4 decks)

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