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Physical geography > Coasts 6 - The Holderness Coast > Flashcards

Coasts 6 - The Holderness Coast Flashcards

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1
Q

How long is the coastline?

A

61km - stretches from Flamborough to Spurn Head

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2
Q

What are the cliffs made up of?

A

Till (boulder clay)

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3
Q

What is the coast exposed to?

A

Powerful destructive waves from the North Sea during storms

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4
Q

What 4 coastal processes operate in the area

A
  • Mass movement
  • Erosion
  • Transportation
  • Deposition
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5
Q

What erosion happens

A

The soft boulder clay is easily eroded by wave action. In Great Cowden, the rate of erosion has been over 10m / year in recent years

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6
Q

What mass movement happens

A

The boulder clay is prone to slumping when wet. Water makes the clay heavier and acts as a lubricant between particles, making it unstable

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7
Q

What transportation happens

A

Prevailing winds from the northeast transport material south. These winds create an ocean current, which transports material south by longshore drift. Rapid erosion means there’s plenty of sediment to be transported

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8
Q

What is deposition?

A

When the ocean current meets the outflow of the Humber river, the flow becomes turbulent and sediment is deposited

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9
Q

What 3 coastal landscapes are found in the north

A
  • Steep - chalk cliffs
  • Wave - cut platforms
  • Sandy beaches
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10
Q

What is the south like

A

Less-steep boulder - clay cliffs and around Spurn Head there are depositional features

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11
Q

What are the headland and wave-cut platforms like?

A

To the North of the area, the boulder clay overlies chalk. The chalk is harder and less easily eroded, so formed a headland (Flamborough Head) and wave-cut platforms such as Sewerby.

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12
Q

What are beaches like?

A

South of Flamborough Head and is sheltered form the wind and waves and a wide sand and pebble beach has formed near Bridlington

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13
Q

What are sand dunes like

A

Around Spurn Head, material transported by the wind is deposited forming sand dunes

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14
Q

What are the spits like

A

Created by erosion and LSD with a recurved end across the mouth of the Humber Estuary - called Spurn Head. To the landward side of the spit, estuarine mudflats and saltmarshes have formed

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15
Q

What are slumping cliffs like

A

Frequent slumps give the boulder clay cliffs a distinctive shape. In some places, several slumps have occurred and not been eroded, making the cliff tired. Slumps are common around Atwick Sands

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16
Q

How much has the Holderness Coastline retreated

A

4km in the last 2000 years

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17
Q

How many villages have been lost because of tis retreat?

A

30

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18
Q

What 3 main issues has this ongoing erosion caused

A
  • Loss of settlements and livelihoods
  • Loss of infrastructure
  • Loss of Sites of Special Scientific Intrest (SSSIs)
19
Q

What has happened because of Loss of settlements and livelihoods

A

The village of Skips is at risk and 80,000m of good quality farmland is lost each year at the coast which has huge effects on farmers livelihoods

20
Q

What has happened because of loss of infrastructure

A

The gas terminal at Easington is only 25m from the cliff edge

21
Q

What has happened because of Loss of Sites of Special Scientific Intrest (SSSIs)

A

The lagoons near Easington provide habitats for birds

22
Q

How much of the coastline is protected by hard engineering

A

11.4km

23
Q

What protects Bridlington (2)

A

A 4.7km sea wall as well as timber groins

24
Q

What protects the village at Hornsea (3)

A

Concrete sea wall, timber groynes and rip rap

25
Q

What happened in Mapleton in 1991

A

2 rock groynes and a 500m long revetment. They cost £2 million

26
Q

How was the caravan park in Skipsea protected

A

Gabions

27
Q

What protection is Withernsea (3)

A

Groynes, sea wall and rip rap

28
Q

What protects the Easington Gas Terminal

A

Revetment

29
Q

What protects the eastern side of Spurn Head (2)

A

Groynes and rip rap

30
Q

How do groynes protect the area

A

Trap sediment and increase the width of the beaches. This protects the local area but increases it in other places

31
Q

What happens to the sediment produced by erosion

A

Washed into an estuary (where it helps form tidal mudflats)

32
Q

What is happening because of the protection?

A

The formation of bays

33
Q

What happens as these bays develop

A

wave pressure on the headlands increase and eventually the cost of maintaining the sea defence becomes too high

34
Q

What do these problems mean

A

The existing schemes become unsustainable

35
Q

What does the SMP recommend for the Holderness for the next 50 years?

A

Hold the line at some settlements and do nothing at others

36
Q

What else has been recommended

A

Managed realingment

37
Q

What will happen because of this managed realingment

A

Relocate caravan parks further inland and allowing the land they’re on erode

38
Q

Why is this more sustainable

A

It allows the coast to erode normally without endangering businesses

39
Q

Whats an issue with this

A

The amount of compensation businesses will get for relocating and relocation isnt always possible due to land shortage

40
Q

What happened in 1995

A

Holderness Borough Council tried to stop Spurn Head from erosion and overwashing - do nothing became the new strategy

41
Q

Why was this good

A

Saves money and allows the spit to function naturally

42
Q

What is a negative of over washing

A

Damages marsh environments behind the spit.

43
Q

What protects Easington Gas Terminal

A

Rock revetments and the SMP recommend that these defences are maintained as long as the gas terminal is operating

44
Q

WHats an issue with this?

A

The defences only span 1km in front of the gas terminal meaning the village isnt protected

Physical geography (16 decks)

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