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Geography UNIT 2 > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 3 factors of wave energy

A

Distance wind has been blowing

Wind speed

Time wind has been blowing

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2
Q

Give 4 qualities of constructive waves

A

Low energy

Deposition

Backwash < swash

Small fetch

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3
Q

Give 4 qualities of destructive waves

A

High energy

Erosion

Backwash > swash

Large fetch

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4
Q

Name the 4 types of erosion and what they are

A

Hydraulic Action - wave power breaks rock

Abrasion - Material rubs against cliff

Attrition - Waves break up material

Solution - Acidic water dissolves chalk/limestone

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5
Q

Name 4 types of transport and what they are

A

Solution - cliff minerals dissolved

Suspension - currents carry small pieces

Saltation - load bounded along sea level

Traction - large sediment rolled along sea bed

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6
Q

Name 4 coastal landforms (not stack) and how they are formed

A

Beaches - constructive waves build up beaches

Wave-cut platforms:

  • Weather weakens clifftop
  • Sea strands base -> wave cut notch
  • Notch gets bigger -> collapse
  • Backwash moves rubble -> sea

Spits:

  • Extended stretch of deposited material
  • Formed by longshore drift at prevailing wind direction on coastline
  • Spit grows, kept there by plant roots
  • Waves can’t get past it - silt deposits in sheltered ares -> salt marsh

Headlands and Bays:

  • Hard rock resistant to erosion - left jutting out -> headlands
  • Soft rock easy to erode -> bays
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7
Q

Explain how a stump is formed, step by step

A
  • Cliff undergoes hydraulic action -> crack -> cave
  • Cave erodes further -> arch
  • Top of arch collapses -> stack
  • Stack erodes -> stump
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8
Q

Give 3 factors of cliff recession

A

Larger fetch = larger waves

Slowed down by sea defences

Hard rock erodes slower

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9
Q

Name 3 human impacts of cliff recession

A

Property loss

Low house prices

Hard to get insurance

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10
Q

Give 1 natural impact of cliff recession

A

Habitat destruction

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11
Q

Give 4 causes of coastal flooding

A

High tides

Rising sea levels

Strong, stormy waves

Storm surges

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12
Q

Give 1 way coastal flooding can be reduced through prediction

A

Environment Agency monitors sea conditions

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13
Q

Give 4 ways coastal flooding can be reduced through planning

A

Early warning system

Flood education

Escape routes

Advice from Health Protection Agency

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14
Q

Give 3 ways coastal flooding can be reduced through prevention

A

Flood barriers

Open space on flood plains to absorb water

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15
Q

Name 4 examples of hard engineering sea defences, and the advantages of disadvantages of them

A

Sea Wall (Hornsea):
Ad: Protects cliff and buildings
Dis: Expensive (£10k/m2)

Groynes (Hornsea):
Ad: Stops longshore drift
Dis: Exposes other areas

Rip Rap:
Ad: Absorbs energy cheaply
Dis: Hard to transport

Offshore Reef (Bournemouth):
Ad: Waves break on reef, loses power
Dis: Expensive, messes with boats
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16
Q

Name 2 examples of soft engineering sea defences, and the advantages of disadvantages of them

A

Beach replenishment:
Ads: Cheaply reduces wave power
Dis: Sand imported from somewhere else

Managed Retreat:
Ads: Damage reduced
Dis: Expensive - compensation

17
Q

Explain 2 reasons why there needs to be costal management on the Holderness Coast

A

Strong prevailing wind create longshore drift moves material south

Soft boulder clay cliffs erode quickly

18
Q

Explain 4 impacts of the £2 mil 1991 Mappleton protection scheme

A

Rip Rap along base of cliff

2 groynes stop longshore drift

Mappleton no longer at great risk from erosion

Increased erosion south of Mappleton

19
Q

Describe how a bar is formed

A
  • Longshore drift forms a spit
  • Spit extends across bay, until it reaches other side -> bar
  • Lagoon can form behind bar when it covers bay
20
Q

Define weathering and the 3 types of it

A

Weathering:
- Weathering is the breakdown of material, due to changes in the weather causing the rocks to be broken down over time

Freeze thaw happens when there are changes in
the weather above and below zero degrees -> rock joints to expand and break off (water expands when frozen)

  • Exfoliation caused bywarming and cooling of temperature -> rock peel off in layers
  • Salt crystallisation = salt gets into the cracks in rocks, expands putting pressure on rock joints
21
Q

Define weathering and the 3 types of it

A

Weathering:
- Weathering is the breakdown of material, due to changes in the weather causing the rocks to be broken down over time

Freeze thaw happens when there are changes in
the weather above and below zero degrees -> rock joints to expand and break off (water expands when frozen)

  • Exfoliation caused bywarming and cooling of temperature -> rock peel off in layers
  • Salt crystallisation = salt gets into the cracks in rocks, expands putting pressure on rock joints

Geography UNIT 2 (4 decks)

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