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Geography AS > COASTS > Flashcards

COASTS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a closed system?

A

transfers energy both into and beyond the system. NOT A TRANSFER OF MATTER

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2
Q

what is an open system?

A

matter and energy can be transferred from the system across the boundary into the surrounding environment.

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3
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

when an effect of an action are amplified or multiplied by its knock on effects

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4
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

where the effects of an action are nullified by its knock on effects.

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5
Q

inputs into coastal system

A
  • tidal energy
  • wind energy
  • sediment
  • changing of sea levels
  • current energy
  • humans
  • tsunamis
  • storm surge
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6
Q

outputs into coastal system

A
  • kinetic energy
  • sand
  • depositional landforms
  • erosional lanforms
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7
Q

what are depositional landforms?

A
  • beaches
  • mudflats
  • sand dunes
  • coral reefs
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8
Q

Erosional landforms?

A
  • cliffs

- shore platforms

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9
Q

processes of the coastal system

A
  • erosion
  • transport
  • deposition
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10
Q

crest definition

A

highest point of a wave

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11
Q

trough definition

A

lowest point of a wave

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12
Q

backwash

A

any water returning down to the sea

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13
Q

wave height

A

distance between the crest and the trough, rarely exceeds 6 metres unless storm conditions.

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14
Q

swell

A

waves of low height, gentle steepness, long wavelength and period.

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15
Q

wave velocity

A

speed of movement of a crest in a given period

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16
Q

wave steepness

A

is the ratio of wave height to wavelength

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17
Q

swash

A

the body of foaming water rushing up the beach

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18
Q

wave length

A

the distance between two successive crests

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19
Q

what does the energy obtained by the waves depend on?

A
  • wind velocity
  • length of fetch
  • period of time during which the wind has blown
  • depth of water
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20
Q

what are waves?

A

the main input into the coastal system

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21
Q

what does the size of a wave depend on?

A

it’s fetch

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22
Q

what are constructive waves?

A

depositional waves as they lead to sediment build up

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23
Q

destructive waves

A

destroy beaches

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24
Q

features of constructive waves…

A
  • low waves
  • strong swash
  • weak backwash
  • break on the shore and deposit material
  • associated with calm weather
  • less powerful waves
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25
Q

features of destructive waves…

A
  • waves are high and frequent
  • backwash has less time to soak into sand
  • destructive waves create steep narrow beaches
  • associated with storm weather
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26
Q

what are longshore currents?

A

occur as most waves hit the coast at an angle. they transport material along the coast

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27
Q

what are rip currents?

A

strong currents moving away from the coast, they develop when seawater is piled up along the coastline.

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28
Q

what is upwelling?

A

the movement of cold water from the deep ocean towards the surface.

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29
Q

what are tides the result of?

A

gravitational pull of the moon and the sun

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30
Q

what has the greatest influence over tides

A

the moon

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31
Q

what is tidal range?

A

the difference between high tide and succeeding low tide

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32
Q

what does the gravitational pull of the moon do?

A

the moon pulls water towards it creating a high tide and there is a compensatory bulge on the opposite side

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33
Q

what is spring tide?

A

the moon and sun are aligned which means you get the highest high tide and the lowest low tide - greatest tidal range

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34
Q

what is neap tide?

A

the moon and sun are proportional at 90 degrees lowest high tide and the highest low tide- smallest tidal range

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35
Q

where are tidal ranges high and where are they low?

A

mediterranean sea- low

british isles - high

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36
Q

what influence does the tidal range have?

A

a wide zone of wave attack which results in wave cut platforms being formed

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37
Q

what are the sources of coastal sediment?

A 
seabed
beaches
river channels/estuaries
erosion from cliffs
material from biological origin
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38
Q

what are the inputs of sediment cells?

A

from the river, coastal erosion and offshore sources such as banks and bars

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39
Q

what are the transfers of sediment cells?

A

longshore drift and rip currents

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40
Q

what are the outputs of sediment cells?

A

beach
sand dunes
offshore deposits

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41
Q

what is wave refraction?

A
  • shallow water around headland which increases friction
  • causes waves to break at headland
  • waves refract into bays
  • energy is dissipated into the bays
42
Q

what is a sediment cell?

A

`the length of coastline within which the movement of sediment is largely self-contained

43
Q

high energy coastline

A

often have high wave power for most of the year

44
Q

what is longshore drift?

A

longshore drift occurs when waves approach the beach at an angle material is pushed up the beach in the swash in the direction of the dominant wind and is then pushed back out to sea in the backwash due to gravity. this is the zig zag effect

45
Q

what are the four strategies for coastal management?

A

do nothing
hold the line
managed retreat
advanced the line

46
Q

what are groynes?

A

wooden barrier built at right angles to the beach they prevent the movement of material along the coast by longshore drift

47
Q

4 types of erosion

A

hydraulic action
abraision
solution
attrition

48
Q

4 types of transportation

A

solution
saltation
suspension
traction

49
Q

what is a sub areal process?

A

a non-marine process

50
Q

example of a sub-areal process?

A

weathering

mass movement

51
Q

what is aeolian deposition?

A

an important process where wind transports sediment

52
Q

what is a concordant coast?

A

exist where rock structure is parallel to the coast

straight coastal plans resulting in a steep cliff face

53
Q

what is a discordant coastline?

A

alternating bands of less resistant and more resistant rock

54
Q

how are sea cliffs and wave cut platforms formed?

A

when high and steep waves break at foot of cliff energy gets concentrated to a small area of the rock face

  • this eventually leads to the cliff being undercut forming a feature called a wave cut notch.
  • continued activity at this point increases stress on the cliff and in time it collapses
  • the cliff begins to retreat and leaves a gently sloping wave cut platform
55
Q

factors which encourage deposition

A

lots of sediment
shallow water
weak current
constructive waves

56
Q

favourable conditions for growth of spits and bars

A

bend or change in the direction of the coastline
plentiful load
active long shore drift
environments favouring constructive waves

57
Q

factors for reducing or stopping growth

A

reduction in the supply of sand or shingle
deeper water
stronger river or tidal currents
more exposure to storm waves

58
Q

longshore drift

A

zig zag movement of material on beach
prevailing wind determines angle of swash
backwash brought back down beach at a 90 degree angle under the influence of gravity

59
Q

how is a cliff and wave cut platform formed?

A

destructive waves attack lines of weakness
creates wave cut notch
creates overhang and the cliff collapses into the sea
sediment is removed leaves a wave cut platform

60
Q

Describe what a spit is…

A

band of sand and shingle attached to the headland at one end
long ridge of sand extended into the sea/estuary
hooked or curved ends
sand dunes on it
salt marsh behind it

61
Q

what is a headland?

A

a cliff which protrudes out into the sea with an alternating band of hard rock and soft rock.

62
Q

what is a bay?

A

next to headland an inlet into the coastline wave energy is dissipated into here

63
Q

where are mudflats found?

A

found in estuaries where rivers meet the sea or on the landward side of a spit

64
Q

where do mudflats develop?

A

they develop on sheltered shorelines that are not exposed to powerful waves

65
Q

saltmarsh development…

A

in sheltered areas
where salt and fresh water meet in an estuary
where there are no strong tides or currents to prevent sediment and deposition

66
Q

explain he formation of a sea stack

Also use this description for cave arch stack and stump

A

1) destructive waves attack lines of weakness in the rock
2) rock then gets broken down due to erosion
3) explain a type of erosion
4) sea attacks weak points in headland and caves are formed
5) caves are eroded right through the headland to form natural arches
6) over time pressure on the arch due to FTW (explain) causes them to collapse leaving an isolated piece of rock left on its own called a stack
7) between the high and low water marks are eroded on the stack leaving a stump.

67
Q

describe a spit?

A

a spit is an elongated band of sand and shingle attached to the headland at one end

68
Q

explain how a spit forms…

A

1) form due to LSD (explain)
2) at the headland there is a change in the direction of the coastline and LSD continues in the same direction
3) deposition occurs if 4 factors are present: large load, shallow water, weak current and constructive waves this causes a spit to form.
4) the hooked ends are formed due to a change in the direction of the dominant wind.
5) eventually stops growing due to current strength and depth.

69
Q

explain how a bar forms…

A

1) form due to LSD (explain)
2) at the headland there is a change in the direction of the coastline and LSD continues in the same direction
3) deposition occurs if 4 factors are present: large load, shallow water, weak current and constructive waves this causes a bar to form.
4) conditions needed for deposition are always present and therefore doesn’t stop growing

70
Q

what is sub-areal weathering?

A

when the weather on the land has an impact on the coastline making removal of material easier and quicker

71
Q

describe a sea cliff?

A

A steep cliff at the edge of a coastline which marks the boundary between the land and the sea

72
Q

describe a wave cut platform?

A

a rocky wave cut platform which protrudes out into the sea at a 20 degree angle

73
Q

optimum conditions for sand dunes:

A 
flat land
strong onshore winds
plentiful supplied of sand
vegetation to colonise 
beach ideally has a low gradient and high tidal range
74
Q

how do headland and bays form?

A
  1. commonly formed when rocks of diffrent strengths are exposed at a coastline- alternating bands of hard and soft rock - discordant coastline
    tougher more resistant rocks- headland
    weaker rocks eroded to form bays
  2. once formed headland and bays interfere with incoming waves
  3. make the waves refract which focuses energy on headland waves energy is spread out and reduced in bays which results in formation of beaches
75
Q

what is wave refraction?

A

shallow water is present around the headland. friction becomes increased this causes waves to break at the headland and energy gets dissipated into the bays.

76
Q

what is a concordant coastline?

A

exist where rock structure is paralell to the coast.

straight coastal plans resulting in a steep cliff face

77
Q

what is a discordant coastline?

A

form irregular coastlines.

alternating bands of hard rock and soft rock along the coastline

78
Q

how do tombolos develop?

A

develop where a spit joins an island to the mainland deposition occurs where waves lose their energy

79
Q

what is flocculation?

A

as seawater and riverwater meet the fine particles settle out of suspension by the process of flocculation

where the individual clay particles aggregate together to form larger heavier particles which are more difficult to erode and transport

80
Q

what are the conditions needed for sand dunes to form?

A 
flat land
strong onshore winds
plentiful supplies of sand
vegetation to collonise dunes
beach ideally has a low gradient and high tide
81
Q

what are the threats to dune systems?

A

over-grazing
recreation is a major land use on sand dunes
sea level change due to global warming leading to an isostatic increase in sea levels is a threat to sand dune environments

82
Q

what are the actions which can be taken to take care of sand dunes?

A

cordoning off areas
restricting public access
stabilization of dunes by planting things
giving tourist information about potential damage
the transforming of potentially bio diverse stretches of dunes into nature reserves

83
Q

what are aeolian processes?

A

the action of wind

84
Q

natural causes of eustatic sea level change?

A

climate cools
climate warms
steric effect

85
Q

human causes of eustatic sea level change?

A

climate warms

steric effect

86
Q

natural causes of isostatic sea level change?

A

tectonic activity
glacial rebound
river and wetland modification

87
Q

human causes of isostatic sea level change?

A

extraction of resources

88
Q

why does sea level fall?

A

interglacial periods
water is stored on land as ice
land emerging

89
Q

why does sea level rise?

A

ice melting due to increased temperature/global warming
thermal expansions of the oceans because its warmer
subsidence of the land

90
Q

what is eustatic?

A

global change

91
Q

what is isostatic?

A

local change

92
Q

what are erosional landforms?

A 
headland and bays
wave cut platforms
blowhole 
geo
sea cliffs
93
Q

what are depositional landforms?

A 
spit
bars
tombolo
mudflats and salt marshes
beaches
sand dunes
94
Q

what are the three types of sea level change?

A

eustatic
isostatic
tectonic

95
Q

what causes coastal flooding?

A

global warming
storm surges
tsunamis

human= global warming
coastal management

96
Q

what is eustatic sea level change?

A

result of global sea level change
when ice melts the volume of water increases so sea level rises global warming is increasing sea levels due to thermal expasions of the ocean as the water gets warmer.

97
Q

what is isostatic sea level change?

A

occur on a regional/local scale. result of the weight of ice when large ice sheets cover the land the land sinks. when the ice melts the land rises back up as the weight is removed. this is called isostatic reajustment

98
Q

what are landforms of a eustatic fall in sea level and isostatic reajustment?

A

raised beaches
relict cliff lines
marine platforms

99
Q

what are the landforms of a eustatic rise in sea level and an isostatic fall in land

A

rias
fjords
dalamation coastlines

100
Q

what are the 5 aims of coatal management?

A
  1. to provide defence against and mitigate the impactts of flooding
  2. to provide protection against and mitigate the impacts of coastal erosion
  3. stabilising beaches affected by LSD
  4. stabilising sand dune areas
  5. protecting fragile esturine landcapes
101
Q

hard engineering strategies?

A 
cliff fixing
revetments
offshore reefs
barrages
sea wall
gabions
groynes
rock armour/rip rap
102
Q

soft engineering strategies?

A 
beach nourishment
dune regeneration
managed retreat
land use management
do nothing

Geography AS (4 decks)

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