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coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of weathering?

A

the breakdown of rock in a place where it outcrops

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2
Q

name 4 types of weathering

A

chemical freeze thaw/ mechanical biological exfoliation

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3
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A

Acidic rain water and CO2 in the atmosphere combine to form carbonic acid. Causes calcium carbonate (limestone) to dissolve limestone is vulnerable due to its lines of weakness horizontal- bedding planes Vertical- joints carbonation is a type of weathering that changes CaCO3 to Calcium bi carbonate by dissolving limestone feldspur (in graphite) is vunerable acid rain causes erosion CHANGES THE ROCK

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4
Q

what is freeze thaw?

A

break down of rock freeze thaw common in cold climates rains in day when it is warmer rain in small crack in rock at night it gets colder water freezes and expands in day it melts widens crack repetitive happens until rock breaks (scree)

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5
Q

what is biological weathering?

A

tree roots can widen joints in rock burrowing animals can break down rock

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6
Q

what is exfoliation (onion skin weathering)?

A

sun heats outer layers of rock faster than inside outer layers expand at night the cooler layers cool faster than the inside continuous until rock breaks away

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7
Q

what is mass movement?

A

the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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8
Q

what role does mass movement have on coasts.

A

mass movement is the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity. it causes the rock to retreat.

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9
Q

what types of mass movement are there?

A

rock fall and land slide

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10
Q

what is mass movement usually caused by?

A

weathering (mainly freeze thaw)

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11
Q

what are the dangers of mass movement

A

rocks could land on someone block roads cause car accidents

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12
Q

what is a wave?

A

a fast flow of water that heads to the shore

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13
Q

what does the size of a wave depend on? and why?

A

its fetch because the wave will have a longer distance to travel if it has a bigger fetch therefore the wind will be able to increase the size for longer.

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14
Q

what is fetch?

A

the distance of open water over which the wind can blow

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15
Q

what are the two types of waves?

A

constructive and destructive

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16
Q

what is a constructive wave?

A

powerful swash carry large amounts of sediment construct beaches, increase their size formed by distant storms that are 100s of km away well spaced apart powerfull strong swash weak backwash

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17
Q

what is a destructive wave?

A

formed by storms that are near the coast destroy the beach weak swash strong backwash

18
Q

what is attrition?

A

pebbles and rocks get caught up in the current

they bang together

get smaller and rounder

19
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

waves crash against rocks

air gets trapped in cracks in the rock

mini explosions (cavitations) occur

breaking down the rock

20
Q

what is abrasion?

A

wave picks rocks up and throw them at a cliff

breaks down cliff

rocks dragged along bottom of seafloor

make the rocky surface smooth

21
Q

what is soulution?

A

the dissolving of rocks such as limestone and chalk

22
Q

how is a wave cut notch formed?

A

abrasion and hydraulic action

certain size due to the fetch of the wave not being big enough to reach the top of the wave

23
Q

what is a headland?

A

narrow piece of land that projects from a coastline into the sea.

made from hard rock

24
Q

what is a bay?

A

a bay is a broad coastal inlet usally with a beach. made from softer rock.

25
Q

how are headlands and bays formed?

A

rock is perpendicular to the coast

rocks are hard then soft then hard etc

hard rock is more resistant (it can widthstand more erosion) so it erodes slowly

weak rock is less resistant so it erodes faster than the hard rock forming headlands and bays

a headland is narrow piece of land that projects from a coastline into the sea. made from hard rock

a bay is a broad coastal inlet usally with a beach. made from softer rock.

Also hydraulic action and abrasion

doesnt erode at the same rate

26
Q

explain the formation of a sea stack

A
  1. a crack in a joint in the rock (where it is weaker) due to hydraulic action and abrasion.
  2. crack widened by erosion which causes a cave to form
  3. caves erode to form an arch. takes place on a headland.
  4. arch gets bigger at its base due to erosion untill the roof collapses.
  5. a stack is created. a stack is an isolated part of a cliff.
  6. due to hydraulic action and abrasion a wave cut notch is formed on the stack. wave cut nots is formed due to waves having a small fetch so they are not big enough to erode all of the stack.
  7. when the roof becomes unstable it collapses to leave a stump.
  8. this process takes 1000s of years
27
Q

what are the different types of transformation?

A

traction

saltation

suspension

soulution

28
Q

order these:

Suspension

traction

soultuion

saltation

A
29
Q

what is traction?

A
30
Q

what is saltation?

A
31
Q

what is suspension?

A
32
Q

what is solution?

A

the tiny particles get dissolved such as less resistant rock like limestone and chalk. this is another type of erosion.

33
Q

Describe the process of longshore drift

A
  • caused when prevailing wind blows in a diagonal direction
  • causes the waves to hit the beach at an angle
  • increases the fetch of the waves so bigger waves that throw rocks onto the beach.
  • swash hits the beach at an angle and due to gravity is pulled back at an angle of 90°.
  • causes rock to be transported down the coast
34
Q

what is longshore drift

A
35
Q

Explain the formation of a spit

A
  • sudden change in direction of the coast
  • long shore drift (a deposition landform) continues to carry sediment in a straight line after the land has ended
  • salt marshed form behind a spit
  • a spit is an accumulation of land stretching from the shore to the sea
  • when the wind changes direction, the waves change direction so some material at the end of the spit may be forced inland to form a curved end.
  • cant form over a river esturary because the flow of water is too strong so it will move the sediments.
36
Q

why are sea levels rising?

A
37
Q

How does global warming contribute to sea level rise?

A
38
Q

how does glacial rebound contribute to sea level rise?

A
  • the NW of UK used to be weighed down by ice
  • ice has melted causing it to rise by 2-3mm per year
  • causing the SE to sink
39
Q

how do storms and high winds contribute to sea level rise?

A
  • due to the earth warming up there is more energy to drive atlantic depressions associated with gales and strong winds
  • leads to large destructive waves
  • waves capable of causing erosion in one night that is equivilant to many years of normal wave activity
40
Q
A

Geography (4 decks)

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