Coasts

Question 1

give some examples of soft rocks

Answer 1

clay, sand, limestone

Question 2

give some examples of medium rocks

Answer 2

chalk (some metamorphic and sedimentary)

Question 3

Give some examples of hard rock

Answer 3

granite, obsidian (igneous and metamorphic rock)

Question 4

How is sedimentary rock formed

Answer 4

deposition of sediment. rock transported to a place, layers of rock build up on top of it, layers compact, harden and stick together as water is squeezed out of it.

Question 5

Give some examples of sedimentary rock

Answer 5

sandstone, limestone

Question 6

Give some examples of metamorphic rock

Answer 6

marble, slate, chalk

Question 7

Give some examples of igneous rock

Answer 7

granite, obsidian

Question 8

How is metamorphic rock formed

Answer 8

intense heat and pressure changes underground. magma heats rock, put under great pressure and is chemically changed

Question 9

How is igneous rock formed

Answer 9

volcanic activity. molten rock solidifies. gets really hot inside earth and solidifies. how quicklu it solidifies= crystal size and rock structure

Question 10

describe the features of a landslide

Answer 10

straight diagonal, areas of resistant material where waves erode cliff base. wave cut notch

Question 11

describe the features of a slump

Answer 11

cliffs made of softer rock, water pulls roch down (heavier) and erodes base of cliff. scarps and curved slip planes

Question 12

describe the features of a rockfall

Answer 12

material breaks up along bedding planes and falls down slope, rocks break off.

Question 13

describe the features of a mudslide

Answer 13

saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope

Question 14

order the mass movements from fastest to slowest

Answer 14

rockfall, mudslides, landslides, slumps, soil creep

Question 15

what is mass movement

Answer 15

shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope. happens when force of gravity acting on a slope is greater than force supporting it. more likely when material is wet. lubricates it and makes it heavier

Question 16

what is a scarp

Answer 16

steep cut in the side of a slope

Question 17

why do coastlines change over time?

Answer 17

-mass movement
-weathering
-erosion
-human activity
-natural hazards
-wave action

Question 18

what is longshore drift

Answer 18

movement of sediment along a coastline. 45 degree swash, 90 degree backwash (diagonal movement)

Question 19

what forms at discordant coastlines?

Answer 19

bays and headlands (leads to caves, arches, stacks and stumps)

Question 20

give an example of a uk stack

Answer 20

old harry, dorset

Question 21

give an example of a uk arch

Answer 21

durdle door, dorset

Question 22

give an example of a uk wave cut platform

Answer 22

southerndown, south wales

Question 23

what is the difference between weathering and erosion

Answer 23

weathering=breakdown of rock in situ
erosion=rock broken down and carried away

Question 24

where is hard rock found in the uk

Answer 24

scottish highlands, north wales

Question 25

where is soft rock found in the uk

Answer 25

lowland areas, cities, coasts

Question 26

explain how a wave cut platform is formed

Answer 26

destructive waves erode foot of cliff, forming a wave cut notch. more erosion causes joint on top of notch to become unstable and collapse. collapsed material washed away, forming new wave cut notch. cliff retreats, forming wave cut platform

Question 27

what causes wave cut platforms

Answer 27

cliff retreat and falling rock exposed at low tides

Question 28

what is deposition and what effects the rate of it

Answer 28

water carrying sediment loses energy and slows down, dropping sediment. -strong swash, weak backwash -lots of transportation, more materal brought to an area -lots of erosion, more material available to deposit

Question 29

what is a constructive wave

Answer 29

waves that deposit material onto shore. weak backwash, strong swash. low frequency, longer and low in proportion to length

Question 30

what is a destructive wave

Answer 30

waves that erode coastlines, weak swash, strong backwash, higher frequency, shorter, taller breaker breaks downward with great force, high in proportion to length

Question 31

what causes big waves

Answer 31

wind dragging on the surface of water. size depends on: -duration -wind strength -fetch (distance without much change in direction)

Question 32

give an example of mechanical weathering

Answer 32

freeze thaw

Question 33

give an example of chemical weathering

Answer 33

rain contains carbon dioxide, weak carbonic acid. erodes certain carbonated rocks, eg limestone

Question 34

give an example of biological weathering

Answer 34

animals burrowing into soil, loosens soil, rocks also come loose. acidic bird poo. roots grow into cracks in rocks, making them biffer and breaking bits off

Question 35

what is mechanical weathering?

Answer 35

breakdown of rock into smaller pieces without any chemical changes within the rock

Question 36

what is biological weathering

Answer 36

the breakdown of rock through the actions of plants and animals

Question 37

what is chemical weathering

Answer 37

breakdown of rock into smaller pieces caused by chemical changes within the rock

Question 38

what is abrasion

Answer 38

when rocks hit against a rock wall (cliff), wearing it away

Question 39

what is attrition

Answer 39

when rocks bash into each other and break into smaller pieces, forming smaller, more rounded pebbles

Question 40

what is corrosion/solution

Answer 40

when chemical reactions help break down a rock/ rock wall

Question 41

what is hydraulic action

Answer 41

water forces air further into a crack in a rock. this increases the pressure, causing the crack to expand, eventually bits of the rock break off