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Geography paper 1 - Physical > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

3 reasons why our coastlines are important

A
  • Coastal population- 50% of worlds population live on coastal plains
  • 1 billion people live on coasts are at risk of flooding
  • Economic benefits - 210,000 jobs are provided by coastline activities
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2
Q

The littoral zone is….

A

Area of shoreline from sea to land - the coastal zone in which sediments are moved around between land, beach and sea.

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3
Q

This zone is subdivided into:

A
  • backshore
  • foreshore
  • nearshore
  • offshore
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4
Q

The backshore is….

A

The area between high tide and the land

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5
Q

The foreshore is….

A

The area between high tide and low tide

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6
Q

The nearshore is….

A

The area between low tide and point where waves break - ‘breaker zone’

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7
Q

The offshore is….

A

The area of the sea where deposition, transport and erosion no longer affects the coastline - zone is seawards

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8
Q

3 Inputs which affect the coastline:

A
  • Local geology - rock type + structure
  • Climate/weather
  • Wave size / frequency / type / direction
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9
Q

3 Processes which affect the coastline:

A
  • Longshore drift
  • Deposition
  • Mass movement
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10
Q

3 Outputs which affect the coastline:

A
  • Erosional landforms
  • Coastal management
  • Different types of coastline
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11
Q

The 3 different types of coastline is:

A
  • High energy
  • low energy
  • coastal plains
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12
Q

High energy coastlines are:

A

Rocky coasts where waves are powerful for the most of the year - erosion land-forms are found

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13
Q

Low energy coastlines are:

A

sandy coastlines - constructive waves dominate - deposition landforms are found

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14
Q

Coastal plain coastlines are:

A

Areas of low,flat relief. Can be susceptible to coastal flooding

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15
Q

Other two ways of classifying coasts more broadly:

A

-rocky coastlines
- coastal plains

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16
Q

Rocky coastlines:

A
  • formed from rock
    -cliffs vary in height
  • sub-aerial processes can dominate and some while marine processes at others
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17
Q

Coastal plains:

A
  • low lying
  • low-relief
  • wetland and marshes
  • poor drainage
  • coastal accretion can occur - where coastline moves seawards
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18
Q

Where does coastal sediment come from:

A
  • cliff erosion
  • tidal currents
  • transport
  • rivers
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19
Q

Unconsolidated is….

A

A sediment that is loosly arranged or unstratifed (not in layers) or whose particles are not cemented together (soft rock)

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20
Q

Put igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock in order from weakest to strongest with an example

A
  • weakest - sedimentary - eg sandstone
  • strong - metamorphic - eg. marble
  • strongest - igneous - eg. granite
21
Q

4 geological influences on coasts

A
  1. Lithology - rock type - permeability
  2. orientation of strata - concordant/discordant
  3. Dip angle - seaward dip = vulnerable to mass movement, landward dip = more stable
  4. Tectonic processes - faults + folds can expose lines of weakness
22
Q

Lithology can mean any of the following characteristics:

A
  • Strata
  • Bedding planes
  • Joints
  • Folds
  • Faults
  • Dip
23
Q

Explain strata

A

layers of rock

24
Q

Explain Bedding plane

A

horiontal cracks
natural breaks in strata, caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation

25
Q

Explain Joints

A

vertical cracks
These are fractures caused by contraction as sediments dry out, or by earth movements during uplift.

26
Q

Explain folds

A

Formed by pressure during tectonic activity which makes rocks buckle an crumble - ege lulworth crumple

27
Q

Explain faults

A

Formed when stress or pressure to which rock is subjected, exceeds its internal strength (causing it to fracture).

28
Q

Explain Dip

A

Refers to the angle at which the rock strata lies (horizontally, vertically, dipping towards sea or land)

29
Q

Anticlines and syncline

A

When rocks are under pressure from tectonic activity it will either fault (break during earthquake) or fold (bend and reshape).
Both will cause joints + fissures (cracks) to form which are areas of weakness and can be attacked by wave erosion.

30
Q

Draw Anticlines and synclines

A
31
Q

Draw the following :
1. horizontal bedding
2.landward dip
3. seaward dip

A

find answers online/in folder

32
Q

What is a concordant coastline:

A

When the geology is arranged parallel to the shore

33
Q

What is a discordant coastline:

A

When the geology is arranged perpendicular to the shore - at a right angle

34
Q

What are some key features of a Haff:

A
  • long sediment ridges topped by sand dunes that run parallel to coast
  • can see lagoons (a haff) which are created between ridge and shore
35
Q

What are some key features of a Dalmation:

A
  • mountainous shore
  • pebble beaches
  • hard rock
36
Q

What are 3 influences on waves:

A
  1. fetch - distance wind blows
  2. area- sheltered or not
  3. wind speed
37
Q

Explain the process that causes a wave to break:

A
  • waves break as our water becomes shallower
  • the frictional drag decreases as the wave reaches shallow water and therefore slows down
  • The wave still has a lot of energy, as the surface of the wave crashes and releases the energy, causing it to break
38
Q

Whats the definition of waves :

A

Waves are the medium through which energy is transferred. They are created by the wind blowing across the surface of the sea.

39
Q

Destructive waves…..

A
  • more frequent - over 15 per min
  • strong backwash
    -weak swash
    -steep shingle beach
    -high energy
  • can create landforms eg. offshore bars
40
Q

Constructive waves ….

A
  • less frequent - 8 or less per min
  • weak backwash
    -strong swash
  • gently sloping sand beach
  • low energy
41
Q

Transportation along the coast can be seperated into 2 overall types:

A
  1. Marine (water)
  2. Aeolian (wind)
42
Q

what are the definition of:
1. traction
2. saltation
3.suspension
4.solution

A
  1. traction- where boulders are rolled along the sea bed
  2. saltation - small sediment pieces bounce along the river bed
    3.suspension- light sediment is carried/suspended in the water
    4.solution- when pieces of sediment are dissolved within the water
43
Q

depositional coastlines are….

A

sand dunes ect.

44
Q

erosional coastlines are….

A

arch, stack, stump ect.

45
Q

look at date 20/9/24 at longshore drift annotated image

A
46
Q

Defintion of erosion:

A

The action of surface processes that removes soil, rock or dissolved material from one location and then transports it to another location.

47
Q

Defintion of weathering:

A

the decay and disintegration of rock in situ. there are 3 main types of weathering that affect the coast - mechanical, biological and chemical.

48
Q

Definition of subaerial:

A

‘under the air’ = existing, occuring or formed in the open air or on the earths surface

49
Q

What are the 2 types of subaerial processes and a defintion;

A
  1. weathering - gradual breakdown of rock on ground surface
  2. movement of weathered material down a slope as result of force of gravity

Geography paper 1 - Physical (1 decks)

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