Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography paper 1 - Physical > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

3 reasons why our coastlines are important

A
  • Coastal population- 50% of worlds population live on coastal plains
  • 1 billion people live on coasts are at risk of flooding
  • Economic benefits - 210,000 jobs are provided by coastline activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The littoral zone is….

A

Area of shoreline from sea to land - the coastal zone in which sediments are moved around between land, beach and sea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This zone is subdivided into:

A
  • backshore
  • foreshore
  • nearshore
  • offshore
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The backshore is….

A

The area between high tide and the land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The foreshore is….

A

The area between high tide and low tide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The nearshore is….

A

The area between low tide and point where waves break - ‘breaker zone’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The offshore is….

A

The area of the sea where deposition, transport and erosion no longer affects the coastline - zone is seawards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 Inputs which affect the coastline:

A
  • Local geology - rock type + structure
  • Climate/weather
  • Wave size / frequency / type / direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 Processes which affect the coastline:

A
  • Longshore drift
  • Deposition
  • Mass movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 Outputs which affect the coastline:

A
  • Erosional landforms
  • Coastal management
  • Different types of coastline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The 3 different types of coastline is:

A
  • High energy
  • low energy
  • coastal plains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

High energy coastlines are:

A

Rocky coasts where waves are powerful for the most of the year - erosion land-forms are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Low energy coastlines are:

A

sandy coastlines - constructive waves dominate - deposition landforms are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Coastal plain coastlines are:

A

Areas of low,flat relief. Can be susceptible to coastal flooding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Other two ways of classifying coasts more broadly:

A

-rocky coastlines
- coastal plains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rocky coastlines:

A
  • formed from rock
    -cliffs vary in height
  • sub-aerial processes can dominate and some while marine processes at others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Coastal plains:

A
  • low lying
  • low-relief
  • wetland and marshes
  • poor drainage
  • coastal accretion can occur - where coastline moves seawards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does coastal sediment come from:

A
  • cliff erosion
  • tidal currents
  • transport
  • rivers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Unconsolidated is….

A

A sediment that is loosly arranged or unstratifed (not in layers) or whose particles are not cemented together (soft rock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Put igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock in order from weakest to strongest with an example

A
  • weakest - sedimentary - eg sandstone
  • strong - metamorphic - eg. marble
  • strongest - igneous - eg. granite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 geological influences on coasts

A
  1. Lithology - rock type - permeability
  2. orientation of strata - concordant/discordant
  3. Dip angle - seaward dip = vulnerable to mass movement, landward dip = more stable
  4. Tectonic processes - faults + folds can expose lines of weakness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lithology can mean any of the following characteristics:

A
  • Strata
  • Bedding planes
  • Joints
  • Folds
  • Faults
  • Dip
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain strata

A

layers of rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain Bedding plane

A

horiontal cracks
natural breaks in strata, caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain Joints

A

vertical cracks
These are fractures caused by contraction as sediments dry out, or by earth movements during uplift.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain folds

A

Formed by pressure during tectonic activity which makes rocks buckle an crumble - ege lulworth crumple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain faults

A

Formed when stress or pressure to which rock is subjected, exceeds its internal strength (causing it to fracture).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Explain Dip

A

Refers to the angle at which the rock strata lies (horizontally, vertically, dipping towards sea or land)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anticlines and syncline

A

When rocks are under pressure from tectonic activity it will either fault (break during earthquake) or fold (bend and reshape).
Both will cause joints + fissures (cracks) to form which are areas of weakness and can be attacked by wave erosion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Draw Anticlines and synclines

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Draw the following :
1. horizontal bedding
2.landward dip
3. seaward dip

A

find answers online/in folder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a concordant coastline:

A

When the geology is arranged parallel to the shore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a discordant coastline:

A

When the geology is arranged perpendicular to the shore - at a right angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are some key features of a Haff:

A
  • long sediment ridges topped by sand dunes that run parallel to coast
  • can see lagoons (a haff) which are created between ridge and shore
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are some key features of a Dalmation:

A
  • mountainous shore
  • pebble beaches
  • hard rock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are 3 influences on waves:

A
  1. fetch - distance wind blows
  2. area- sheltered or not
  3. wind speed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain the process that causes a wave to break:

A
  • waves break as our water becomes shallower
  • the frictional drag decreases as the wave reaches shallow water and therefore slows down
  • The wave still has a lot of energy, as the surface of the wave crashes and releases the energy, causing it to break
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Whats the definition of waves :

A

Waves are the medium through which energy is transferred. They are created by the wind blowing across the surface of the sea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Destructive waves…..

A
  • more frequent - over 15 per min
  • strong backwash
    -weak swash
    -steep shingle beach
    -high energy
  • can create landforms eg. offshore bars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Constructive waves ….

A
  • less frequent - 8 or less per min
  • weak backwash
    -strong swash
  • gently sloping sand beach
  • low energy
41
Q

Transportation along the coast can be seperated into 2 overall types:

A
  1. Marine (water)
  2. Aeolian (wind)
42
Q

what are the definition of:
1. traction
2. saltation
3.suspension
4.solution

A
  1. traction- where boulders are rolled along the sea bed
  2. saltation - small sediment pieces bounce along the river bed
    3.suspension- light sediment is carried/suspended in the water
    4.solution- when pieces of sediment are dissolved within the water
43
Q

depositional coastlines are….

A

sand dunes ect.

44
Q

erosional coastlines are….

A

arch, stack, stump ect.

45
Q

look at date 20/9/24 at longshore drift annotated image

A
46
Q

Defintion of erosion:

A

The action of surface processes that removes soil, rock or dissolved material from one location and then transports it to another location.

47
Q

Defintion of weathering:

A

the decay and disintegration of rock in situ. there are 3 main types of weathering that affect the coast - mechanical, biological and chemical.

48
Q

Definition of subaerial:

A

‘under the air’ = existing, occuring or formed in the open air or on the earths surface

49
Q

What are the 2 types of subaerial processes and a defintion;

A
  1. weathering - gradual breakdown of rock on ground surface
  2. movement of weathered material down a slope as result of force of gravity
50
Q

What does dynamic equilibrium in a sediment cell mean?

A

a stabilisation of inputs and outputs

51
Q

How can humans influence sediment cells?

A

by managing the supply of sediment.
eg. groynes for trapping sediment and stopping it from moving downstream.

52
Q

Give 2 factors influencing rates of recession at holderness:

A
  • geology- clay and glacial
  • long fetch
53
Q

What are the reasons of why sea levels are rising:

A
  • result of global warming
  • since 1880 global temp increased by 1 degree
  • caused ice to melt
  • thermal expansion
54
Q

What are the impacts of rising sea levels:

A
  • coastal flooding and erosion
  • habitats and ecosystems destroyed
  • farmland destroyed
  • businesses flooded- effects local and national econoy
  • animals may have to adapt to new conditions
55
Q

What are the two types of sea level change and their defintions:

A
  • Eustatic change- sea rises or falls
  • Isostatic change - land rises or falls
56
Q

How does isostatic change occur?

A
  • during glacial periods (ice ages) large ice masses caused the land to shrink and fall because of the pressure
  • in inter-galacial periods ice has melted and the land rebounds as it does not have the weight of the ice.
  • The melting cryosphere also experiences this- anywhere where the water is stored - frozen water eg. ice caps/snow.
57
Q

What is the evidence for isostatic change?

A
  • fossil beaches and raised cliffs can indicate isostatic rebound.
  • they were previously in contact with the waves- which had created erosional features - now above beach and further inland.
58
Q

What are the 3 factors contributing to isostatic change during interglacial periods:

A
  • thermal expansion
  • melting land ice
  • albedo effect
59
Q

Explain thermal expansion:

A
  • the higher the temperature the bigger the volume of water (particals are further apart) sea level rise.
60
Q

Explain melting land ice:

A
  • (cryosphere) increase water volume = sea level rise
61
Q

Explain the albedo effect:

A
  • Reduction in the amount of suns heat reflected (off snow-light)
  • 96% is reflected
  • as snow melts it opens up dark ground and heat get absorbed = higher temperature
62
Q

What are depressions and how do they occur?

A
  • intense low weather systems
  • create less settled weather systems
  • occur when fast moving area of cold air moves into a region of warmer air - pushing warm air upwards
  • as it rises, air pressure falls
  • for every millibar the pressure drops, sea level rises by 1cm.
63
Q

What are some of the causes of coastal flooding:

A
  • land subsidence
  • removal of vegetation
  • building sea defences
  • storm surges
  • climate change
64
Q

Definition of storm surges:

A

a short-term change in sea level caused by low pressure + pushing of water by winds.

65
Q

Name some factors that increase the rates of erosion at a coast:

A
  • wave type - distructive = more erosion
  • wave speed
  • fetch
  • geology along coastline - rock type and orientation of strata
  • removal of dune vegetation
  • hard engineering - terminal groyne syndrome
  • weather systems - storm surges - more distance = gains more power
66
Q

Some facts on the Holderness coast:

A
  • coastline in the north east of england
  • consists of small towns and villages and rural settlements
  • one of the fastest eroding coastlines in europe - average 2m per year
  • extreme cases -10m per year
67
Q

What are some reasons to why the Holderness coast is so susceptible to erosion:

A
  • geology - made up of soft boulder clays
  • longshore drift- bouler clays erode easily and transported out via longshore drift
  • fetch - exposed to wind and waves from north-east with fetch of 300-800km across north sea
68
Q

What are the key players along Holderness:

A
  • hotel and business owners
  • delivery drivers along B1242
  • DEFRA and environment agencies
  • local counsil
    residents
69
Q

What are some other reasons why the Holderness is at risk:

A
  • increased population
  • subsidence - isostatic changes - lead to SLR
  • climate change and storm surges
  • vegetation removal - natural protection
70
Q

what are the 2 types of coastal engineering and their definitions:

A
  • hard engineering - involves man - made structures
  • soft engineering - designed to work with natural processes
71
Q

What is a cost benefit analysis (CBA)?

A
  • carried out before a coastal management project to give the go ahead.
72
Q

What are the 2 types of cost and benefits?

A
  • tangible- where cost and benefits are known and can be given monetary value
  • intangible- where costs may be difficult to assess but are important
73
Q

Look at holderness case study info sheet after lesson 22/11/24 and the sheet after about hard engineering

A
74
Q

What is the reasons for management at Hornsea?

A
  • high density urban development
  • high population
  • lies on soft boulder clay - susceptible to erosion
  • local economy is dependent on tourism and recreation
75
Q

What is hornseas management strategies?

A
  • sea wall
  • rock armour to protect sea wall
  • wood groynes - trap sediment transported by longshore drift building wide sandy beach
  • position of coastline has been artificially fixed to hold the line
76
Q

What are the effects of the coastal management at Hornsea?

A
  • been effective in stopping erosion along sea front at Hornsea
  • but has increased rate of erosion downdrift of defences
77
Q

What are the conflicts involved in the coastal management at Hornsea?

A
  • increased rate of erosion downdrift has led to loss of caravan pitches
  • increased erosion has led to loss of farmland downdrift of the defences
78
Q

What was the reason for management at Withernsea?

A
  • high density urban development
  • high pop
  • lies on soft boulder clay- susceptible to erosion
  • local economy - dependent on tourism and recreation
79
Q

What is the management strategies at Withernsea?

A
  • sea wall
  • rock armour
  • wooden groynes trap sediment and build up beach
  • timber groynes replaced and sea wall strengthened in 2017\18
  • plan is to hold the line
80
Q

What are the effects of coastal management in Withernsea?

A
  • effective in stopping erosion along sea front at Withernsea
  • but increased rate of erosion downdrift of defences
81
Q

What are the conflicts involved in coastal management at Withernsea?

A
  • increased rate of erosion downdrift led to loss of caravan pitches
  • increased erosion has led to loss of farmland downdrift of defences
82
Q

What is the reason for management at Mappleton?

A
  • village has around 50 properties
  • soft boulder clay cliffs - eroding rapidly - resulting in main road only 50m from cliffs
  • the B1242 main road connecting settlements along Holderness coast runs through Mappleton.
83
Q

What is the management strategies at Mappleton?

A
  • cliff is stabilized by reducing angle and planting vegetation
  • rock groynes trap sediment transported by LSD
  • rock armour protects base of cliff
  • high sandy beach protects cliff
84
Q

What are some effects from coastal erosion in Mappleton?

A
  • been effective in stopping erosion along sea front
  • it has increased rate of erosion downdrift of defences
85
Q

What are some conflicts involved in the coastal management in Mappleton?

A
  • increased rate of erosion has led to loss of spaces in public car park leading to tourists parking on side of road causing conflict with local residents
  • led to farmland and properties downdrift of defencez
86
Q

What are the hotel and business owners opinion on management?

A
  • mixed opinion on coastal management
  • defences put in place protect income
  • but tourism has been declining in Withernsea - touridt reported riprap= unattractive
87
Q

What is DEFRA and environmental agencies opinion on management?

A
  • mixed opinions
  • EA prefer soft engineering - tend to be more critical of hard engineering strategies
  • particularly groynes at Mappleton and Hornsea - starving spern point of sediment
88
Q

What are the delivery drivers along the B1242 opinions on management?

A
  • tend to support hard engineering methods as they are more effective in preventing erosion down crucial transport route.
89
Q

What is the local councils opinion on management?

A
  • similar views to DEFRA
  • however they are more likely to take into consideration of local residents and push for more areas to be protected - eg Mappleton - small residential town.
90
Q

What are the residents opinion on management?

A
  • in favour of any coastal management strategies that will protect their homes
  • however some more supportive than others
  • at Hornsea - supportive of groynes in place but starves downstream at Mappleton
  • but groynes at Mappletom cause starvation at Cowden.
91
Q

What are 6 sustainable coastal management strategies?

A
  • creating alternative livelihoods before existing ones are lost to the sea
  • managing flood and erosion risk where possible or relocating to safe areas
  • educating communities to understand why change is needed and how to adapt
  • adapting to rising sea levels by relocating alternative building methods and water supplies
  • managing natural resources - fish, farmland, water supplies to ensure long- term productivity
  • monitoring coastal change and adapting to unexpected change
92
Q

What is the integrated coastal zone management?

A

The process of protecting the entire coastal zone, not just the part where waves break and also not just by single communities but rather all players involved.

93
Q

Case study : Odisha India
what are the 4 management methods in India and their chain of reasoning?

A
  1. Managing mangrove forest -> provide jobs for local people -> helps the economy g row through taxation -> mangrove is a natural barrier to erosion
  2. Assesement of erosion -> protects homes and infrastructure -> saves lives and income, business, homes
  3. Building cyclone shelters -> prep for tropical storm -> reducing loss of lives/money -> no need to rebuild/reinvest in area
  4. Eco-tourism -> brings in money -> not damaging environment = spreading positive message -> educates community
94
Q

Name 4 shoreline management plans and their definitions

A
  1. No active intervention - letting nature take its course and allowing sea to erode cliffs and low lying land while not repairing existing defences.
  2. Hold the line - maintaining the current position of the coastline.
  3. Managed realignment (retreat) - allowing the coastline to retreat but in a managed way. Includes deliberate breaching of flood barriers and flooding of low quality farmland to create salt marshes.
  4. Advance the line- extending the coastline out to sea eg. by encouraging the build up of a wider beach using beach nourishment methods or by building groynes.
95
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of no active intervention?

A

A - free- no money spent
D- literally does nothing - risk to homes lands and lives

96
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage to holding the line?

A

A- reduces erosion going any further - saves homes/ lives
D - can be expensive

97
Q

What is a advantage and disadvantage of managed realignment?

A

A- coast effective
D- eventually coastline will get smaller and homes/ infrastructure at risk

98
Q

What is a disadvantage and advantage to advance the line?

A

A- soft engineering - environmentally friendly and effective
D- expensive

Geography paper 1 - Physical (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions