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Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Intro

Sedimentary

A

Formation- Remains of plants and animals (sediments)
-Small particles that have been eroded/transported/deposited
Characteristics-Less resistant to erosion
-May contain fossils -Variety of colour/layers
Examples- Sandstone, Limestone, Coal, Chalk, Clay (impermeable)
Locations-Lowland landscapes e.g. SE England
-Upland lanscapes e.g. Yorkshire Dale
-Walton on the Naze

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2
Q

Intro

Igneous

A

Formation- Formed from hot molten rock that crystalised and solidifyed
-Intrusive (forms inside earth)
-Extrusive(forms on surface)
-Formed by volcanoes
Characteristics-Resistant to erosion/hard
-Crystals formed in layers (quicker formed=bigger crystal)
Examples-Granite + Diorite(I), Pumice + Basalt(E)
Locations-Upland landscapes e.g. Scotland, Lake District
-N Wales eg Snowdonia

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3
Q

Intro

Metamorphic

A

Formations-Formed when rocks are subjected to high heat, pressure, hot mineral rich fluids or a combination
-Formed deep within the earth- tectonic boundaries
-Igneous and sedimentary> denser+compact
Characteristics- Layers (some contain fossils squeezed out of shape)
-Minerals in rock change chemically
-Hard/resistant to erosion
Examples-Marble(<limestone), Slate(<chay/shale)
Locations- Upland landscapes eg N Ireland and Scotland

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4
Q

Intro

Lowland

A

-Sedimentary,younger rocks, vunerable to erosion and weathering -S+E England
-Less resitant causing flat lands with rolling hills
-Easier to build on- higher pop density
-During Jurrasic & Cretaseoud periods, UK sea levek fluctuated massively- UK underwater- marine life/sediments compressing under sea

Seperated by Tees-Exes line

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5
Q

Intro

Upland

A

-Hard, old, metamorphic/igneous
-Harder to build on- sparesly populated
-Wales, Scotland, N/W England
-Higher above sea level- formed when UK had tectonic activity- magma cooled causing areas with high relief

Seperated by Tees-Exes line

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6
Q

Intro

Dartmoor Landscapes/Features

A

-Magma dome developed underground which cooled to form granite
-Joints develop + make rock vulnerabke to freeze thaw weathering
-Erosion and slumping remove broken granite leaving blocks of rock with less joints called tors
-surrounded by clitter slopes covered in small rocks

Hard igneous upland landscape- Dartmoor=granite

Joints=cracks
Freeze thaw weathering= water+ ice expand/contract
Tors=rock man things
Clitter slopes

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7
Q

Intro

Malham Cove Landscape/Features

A

-Rock is made of blocks with planes(-) and joints (I)
-Rainwater passes through lines of weakness=chemical reaction enlarging lines
-Widened cracks from grykes (deeper joints) exposing blocks of limestone called clints=limestone pavement

-Earth movements cause Middle Craven Fault to from creating limestone cliffs
-Last Ice Age= melting water from glaciers to waterfalls causing cliffs to retreat from erosion= cove

Harder sedimentary upland landscape- Malham, Yorshire Dales= limestone

Limestone Pavements=
Grykes=
Clints=

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8
Q

Intro

Enscarpments

Scarp+ dip slopes

A

Dip> land that follows the same gentle slope as the layers of rock underneath
Scarp>steep slope that cuts through layers of rock underneath

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9
Q

Intro

Human activity on Agriculture

A

+Income from farming
+Supports rare birds/wildlife corridors
+Traditional arable farming techniques
-Damages habitats
-Decline in chalk grassland>scrub encroachment (as sheep farming is reduced scrub has encroached on remaining grassland)

-85% of South Downs= sheep growing and horse racing
-Chalk grassland=short and nutritious

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10
Q

Intro

Human activity on Forestry

A

+Ancient trees provide habitas for wildlife
+Timber is sustainable
-Development threatens ancient trees
-Coppices= hazelnut and chestnut under threat limits biodiversity
-Human interaction> large areas cleared

-Coniferous + deciduous woodland coveres 1/4 of South Down

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11
Q

Intro

Human activity on Settlements

A

+Built using local materials=develops character
+Tourism
-High pop density puts pressure
-Loss of character due to developments
-Decline in community facilities

-Chalk enscarpments suitable for developments
-Built on sheltered south slopes

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12
Q

Intro

A
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13
Q

Coasts

Advantages & Disadvantages of Rip rap

(Rock Armour)

A
  • The boulders force the waves to break, dissipating their energy and protecting the cliffs
  • They can be quickly put in place
  • They are relatively cheap and easy to maintain
    —
  • High initial cost
  • Boulders are usually from other regions/abroad so transport costs are high
  • Doesnt fit in with local geology
  • They can obstruct/permit access to the beach

Large boulder piled at the foot of the cliff or at the top of the beach

Hard engineering

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14
Q

Coasts

Advantages & Disadvantages of sea walls

A

+++
* Curved to reflect waves back to sea- deflects waves energy
* Include a walkway or promenade
—
* They can be obtrustive and unnatural to look at and can restrict access to beach
* Very exensive to build and maintain
* They can increase erosion of the beach

Concrete walls, 3-5 m high, built at the foot of cliffs/top of beach,

Hard engineering

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15
Q

Coasts

Advantages & Disadvantages of Groynes

A

+++
* Quick to construct
* They trap sediment and broaden the beach
* The beach absorbs the wave energy
* A bigger beach can attract more tourists
—
* Interrupting the movement of sediment can have an impact further along the coast (erosion)
* Rock groynes can be unsightly
* Expensive
* Prevents LSD and creates deposition

Wooden or rock structures built along the beach at right angles

Hard engineering

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16
Q

Coasts

Advantages & Disadvantages of Beach Nourishment

(Recharge)

A

+++
*The beach can absorb more waves energy and protect the coastline
* Sediment obtained locally to blend it
* Easy and cheap to explain
* Encourages tourism
—
* Needs constant maintenance, which can become expensive
* The work is often undertaken in the summer which can cause disruption to beach users

Sand or shingle is added to a beach to make it higher or wider

Soft engineering

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17
Q

Coasts

Advantages & Disadvantages of Sand dune regeneration

A

+++
* Helps dunes to develop
* Maintains a natural coastal environment
* Popular with people and wildlife
* Relatively cheap
—
* Areas of the beach have to be fenced off, prohibiding access
* It takes time to become established

Creating/restoring sand dunes, by planting grasses and bushes

Soft engineering

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18
Q

Coasts

No intervention

A

No planned investment in defending against flooding or erosion

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19
Q

Coasts

Hold the line

A

Maintain the existing shoreline by building defences

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20
Q

Coasts

Management realignment

A

Allow the shoreline to change naturally, but manage and direct the process

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21
Q

Coasts

Advance the line

A

Building new defences on the seaward side

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22
Q

Coasts

Hard Engineering

A

A coastal management technique involving building artificial structures which try to control natural processes and dissipate wave energy.

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23
Q

Coasts

Soft engineering

A

Strategies that work with natural processes to reduce risk and impact of flooding and erosion

24
Q

Coasts

Effects of coastal erosion on Urbanisation/settlement

A
  • Makes land harder to build on
  • Can destroy houses and villages near coast
  • Flooding
  • Houses collapse> Displacement
  • 20million+ people in UK live on the coast
25
Q

Coasts

Effects of coastal erosion on agriculture

A
  • Sea levels rise and increased coastal erosion is already leading to the loss of farmland
  • Loss of jobs/income
  • Farmland located near coast reduced due to erosion
26
Q

Coasts

Effects of coastal erosion on tourism

A
  • 13% of jobs at Dawlish are in tourism
  • Plays a major part in local economies
  • Reduced as less people are able to visit due to erosion
27
Q

Coasts

Effects of coastal erosion on infrastructure/industry

A
  • Roads, railways, ferry/shipping ports and oil refineries are located along the coast
  • Being near the coast puts them risk to damage
  • Risk of oil spills affecting environment
28
Q

Coasts

Natural causes

A
  • Rising sea level
  • Storms & storm surges
29
Q

Coasts

Human causes

A

Sea Defences- groynes built to trap sand to protect tourist beaches, but removing sediment from system results in erosion along coast+ prevents LSD as less is transported/deposited
Dredging- removes sand and gravels from the system leaving less material in the area and rapid erosion
Erosion from sea cliffs- important source of sediment -if cliffs are protected from erosion the supply of sediment to coastal systems stops, resulting in erosion elsewhere and less material to protect settlements

Overall removes sediment from systems causing erosion elsewhere and less material for protection- interrupts LSD

30
Q

Coasts

Erosion
Hydralic Action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution

A
  • When cliffs are worn away and rocks are broken into smaller pieces
  • Water is forced into the cracks in the rock. This compresses the air and when the wave retreats the air blasts out forcing the rock to break
  • This caused by the wave picking up sand & pebbles & hurling them at the cliff with force wearing it away
  • Any material carried by the waves will become rounder and smaller over time as it collides with other sediment
  • Some rock types eg limestone dissolved by chemical reaction in acidic sea water
31
Q

Coasts

Transportation
Saltation
Traction
Suspension
Solution

A
  • When the sea carries material from one place to another
  • Large pebbles and rocks bounce along the riverbed/sea bed
  • Large pebbles and rocks roll along the river bed
  • Small particles (pebbles and rocks) roll along the sea bed
  • Particles dissolved in acidic water
32
Q

Coasts

Weathering
Biological
Chemical
Mechanical

A
  • The breakdown and decay of rock by natural processes acting on rocks, cliffs and valley sides
  • As plants grow, their roots go deeper through the soil till they meet rock and burrow into the cracks. This weakens the rock and causes some to break off
  • Acidic rain and sea water dissolves the rock
  • Freeze thaw- water collects into rock cracks and freezes, exampling and forcing the cracks to widen. The ice thaws, contracts and gets deeper into cracks again and this repeats, expanding and contracting till the rock splits
33
Q

Mass movement
Rock fall
Landslide/Sliding
Slumping/Rotational slip

A
  • The movement of material down a slope due to gravity
  • Fragments of rock/scree break away from the cliff face, often due to freeze thaw weathering
  • After periods of heavy rainfall blocks of rock/ material slide downhill across slide plane
  • After periods of heavy rainfall, where permeable rock meets impermeable rock, a large oiece of saturated soil and weak rock slip/slump down the cliff
34
Q

Coasts

Deposition

A

When the sea puts down material it has been carrying

35
Q

Coasts

LSD

A

The process where waves transport eroded sediment along the coastline by the action of breaking waves. It is deposited further down the coast

36
Q

Coasts

Backwash

A

When the water from a wave retreats back into the sea

37
Q

Coasts

Swash

A

When a wave washes up onto the shoreline

38
Q

Coasts

Constructive waves

A

Waves with lower energy and stronger swashes than backwashes that build up beaches
* Low
* Spaced out
* 6-9 waves/min
* Wide and shallow beach

39
Q

Coasts

Destructive waves

A

Waves with higher energy and stronger backwashes than swashes that erode beaches
* Tall
* Frequent
* 11-15 waves/minute
* Narrow and steep beach

40
Q

Factors determining wave height & energy

A
  • Wind strength
  • Wind duratiom
  • Fetch- distance its been blowing
41
Q

Coasts

Bar formation

A
  • Created when there is a gap in the coastland (eg bay)
  • LSD carries material across the front of the bay
  • Pushed onto beaches at 45 degree angle when swash brings it onto coastline
  • Backwash takes it back out to sea at right angle to coast
  • ..Constantly moving along coastline
  • Deposited material eventually joins up witb other side of bay blocks off water in the bay creating a bar and a lagoon

A ridge of sand or shingle across the entrance of a bay/river mouth

41
Q
A
42
Q

Coasts

Formation of a spit

A
  1. LSD moves material along the coastline in the direction of the prevailing wind. The angled swash brings material onshore, while the backwash removes the material in a straight line, perpendicular to the coastline.
  2. This continues in a zig zag movement along the coast.
  3. If the coast changes direction, material will continue to be deposited in the original direction in a shallow sea.
  4. This build up of material is called a spit
  5. A spit needs a constant supply of material, or it will be removed by tides.
  6. Over time, the spit grows and develops a hook if wind direction changes further out.
  7. A salt marsh can form behind a spit if an estuary is present due to the mixing of fresh water, salt water and sediment

long, narrow ridge of land, formed due to deposited material along coast

42
Q
A
43
Q

Coasts

Prevailing wind

A

Winds that blow from a single direction over a specific area of the Earth.

43
Q
A
44
Q

Coasts

Crack Cave, Arch, Stack, Stump

A
  1. Cracks are formed in the headland by hydraulic action + abrasion
  2. As the waves continue to grind away at the crack, it begins to open up to form a cave
  3. The cave becomes larger and eventually breaks through the headland to form an arch
  4. The base of the arch becomes wider through further erosion, until its roof becomes too heavy and collapses- leaving a stack/ isolated column of rock
  5. The stack is undercut at the base until it collapses to form a stump
44
Q
A
45
Q

Coasts

Cliffs, wave-cut notches and platforms

A
  1. Cliffs form when destructive waves attack the bottom of the rock face between the high and low water marks
  2. Hydralic action and abrasio causes the waves to undercut the cliff forming a wave cut notch
  3. The wave cut notch gets deeper creating an overhanging cliff above which becomes unsupported and gravity eventually causes it to collapse into the sea
  4. The waves have removed the rock debris, they begin to erode and undercut the new cliff face and form another notch
  5. Repeated wave erosion and cliff collapses, the cliff face and coastline will gradually retreat inland
  6. The remains of the new cliff rock which is now below the sea at high tide form a rocky wave cut platform but exposed at low tide
  7. As a result of erosion and weathering, some boulders will have fallen from the cliff onto the platform to create grooves, rock pools and ridges within the bare rock
46
Q

Coasts

Discordant coastline

D> degress= 90/perpenDicular

A
  • Bands of soft/less r and hard/r rock run at a right angle/perpendicular to the coastline
  • Where we find headlands and bays

Eg Swanage

47
Q

Coasts

Concordant coastline

A
  • Bands of resistant & less resistant rock/alternate geology that run parralel to the coast
  • Bays

Eg Lulworth Cove

48
Q

Coasts

Storm beach

A

A beach affected by particularly fierce waves, usually with a very long fetch

49
Q

Coasts

Berm

A

Small ridges that coincide with high-tide lines and storm tides

49
Q
A
50
Q

Coasts

Beaches
* Formation
* Location traits

A
  • An area of land between low tide and storm tide marks, and is made up of sand, pebbles and shingle. * Beaches are formed when eroded material is transported by LSD and deposited by contructive waves
  • Sandy beaches are found in bays where the water is shallow (waves have less energy + gentle gradient)
  • Pebble beaches found where cliffs are eroded, with high energy waves and steep gradient
51
Q

Coasts

Beach profile

A
  • Has ridges called berms- show high and storm tide lines
  • Sandy beach- gentle sloping profile
  • Shingle beach- steeper
  • Large material at top (deposition), small material near water (broken down by attrition)
52
Q
A

Geography (1 decks)

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