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GCSE Geography Eduquas > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of weathering

A

Mechanical,chemical, biological

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2
Q

Chemical weathering

A

process of chemicals in rainwater making changes to the minerals in a rock.

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3
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

process of rocks crumbling due to rain, wind, or other atmospheric conditions.

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4
Q

biological weathering

A

living organisums break down rocks

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5
Q

Mass movements

A

the large movement of soil and rock down the slope of a hill or cliff

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6
Q

what causes mass movements

A

weathering erosion and gravity

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7
Q

3 types of mass movement

A

Slumps slides rockfalls

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8
Q

Slides

A

material moves down a slope in a straight line

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9
Q

slumps

A

material moves down slope at a curve

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10
Q

Rockfalls

A

material breaks and crumbles down a cliff

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11
Q

4 types of erosion

A

solution,abrasion,attrition,hydraulic action

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12
Q

abrasion

A

When pebbles grind along the river bank and bed in a sand-papering effect

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13
Q

attrition

A

When rocks that the river is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

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14
Q

Hydraulic action

A

force of water crashing against the coastline causing material to be dislodged and carried away by the sea

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15
Q

soloution ( erosion)

A

When the water dissolves certain types of rocks

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16
Q

deposition

A

The laying down of sediment carried by the sea

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17
Q

when does deposition occur

A

when the swash is stronger than the backwash and is associated with constructive waves.

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18
Q

4 transport processes

A

traction.saltation,suspension,soloution

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19
Q

traction

A

large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed.

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20
Q

Saltation

A

pebbles are bounced along the river bed,

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21
Q

Suspension

A

lighter sediment is suspended (carried) within the water

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22
Q

solution ( transport)

A

the transport of dissolved chemicals.

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23
Q

constructive waves

A

Deposit material onto coastlines because they have a strong swash and weak backwash

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24
Q

3 Features of constructive waves

A

-Not very tall
-Longer wavelength than destructive
-Low frequency

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25
Q

Destructive waves

A

Stronger backwash than swash meaning they drag more material away from coastline than whats desposited along the shore

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26
Q

In what areas are headlands and bays formed

A

Areas that have alternate areas of soft and hard rock facing the stea

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27
Q

What are concordant coastlines

A

Alternate layers of soft and hard rock

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28
Q

What are disconcordant coastlines

A

Coastlines have alternate layers of hard and soft rock at 90 degrees to the coast

29
Q

How are wave cut platforms made

A

The sea attacks the base of the cliff between the high and low water mark.
A wave-cut notch is formed by erosional processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action - this is a dent in the cliff usually at the level of high tide.
As the notch increases in size, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses, leading to the retreat of the cliff face.
The backwash carries away the eroded material, leaving a wave-cut platform.
The process repeats. The cliff continues to retreat.

30
Q

How are caves formed

A

Weaknesses in rocks like cracks are widened by erosional processes ( hydrochloric action and abrasion ) repeated erosion of the cracks causes them to be large enough to form caves

31
Q

How are arches formed

A

Continued erosion deepens a cave until it breaks through the headland

32
Q

How are stacks formed

A

When top of arch collapses due to gravity

33
Q

How are spits formed

A

-Sharp bends in the coastline
-Longshore drift transports sand past the bend and desposits into the sea
-Strong winds curve end of the spit
-The sheltered area behind a spit is proctected from waves so can bevome mud slat or salt marsh

34
Q

How is a bar formed

A

Sometimes a spit can grow across a bay, joining two headlands together. This landform is known as a bar. They can trap shallow lakes behind the bar, these are known as lagoons.

35
Q

Case study: what is the importance of studland

A

-Large employer
-Honeypot site provides income
-Biodiverse
-Habitats

36
Q

Pressures on the studland ecosystem

A

-20 000 visitors a day
-Conjestion from traffic
-Litter

37
Q

How they manage pressures on studland ecosystem

A

-Enforcment of illegal parking
-Zonation
-Employ more people to support the local economy for more schemes to help

38
Q

Longshore drift

A

A process that gradually moves beach material along the coast, the action of swash and backwash results in a zigzag movement of material

39
Q

Features of longshore drift

A

-Swash carries material up the beach

-Backwash carries material down the beach due to gravity

-Backwash always moves at a 90 degree angle

-Waves approach as an angle at the same direction as prevailing winds

40
Q

When does deposition occur

A

When the sea loses energy and drops eroded material

41
Q

How are sandy beaches formed

A

-Constructive waves
-Small sand particles easily carried back down the beach by backwash so beaches are long and shallow

42
Q

How are shingle beaches formed

A

-high energy waves
-backwash is stronger than the swash so larger sediment is left behind
-weak swash dies noit move sediment for up the beach creating short and deep beacjes

43
Q

Advantages of Sea walls

A

Prevent erosion but not movement of sediment so can’t effect other areas
Last a long time

44
Q

Disadvantages of sea walls

A

-Strong backwash erodes wall foundations
-Expensie to build and maintain
-Ugly

45
Q

Advantages of Rock armour

A

-Cheap to build and maintain
-Effective at absorbing line power

46
Q

Disadvantages of rock armour

A

-Boulders sourced from other locations
-Ugly

47
Q

Advantages of Groynes

A

-Cheap and effective
-Create larger beeches

48
Q

Disadvantages of Groynes

A

-Affects erosion up the coast

49
Q

Advantages of Gabions

A

-Cheap and easy to contrust
-Made from local materials

50
Q

Disadvantages of Gabions

A

-Ugly
-Erode after 10 years
-If broken, material dangerous

51
Q

Advantages of beach nourishment

A

-Create a wider beach which attract more tourists
-Slows waves so more protection from erosion

52
Q

Disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

-Expensive
-Must be repeated reguarly

53
Q

Advantages of dune regeneration

A

-Barrier between land and sea
-Help maintain natural habitats

54
Q

Disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

-Expensive
-Requires lots of regenerattion

55
Q

Hold the line

A

Build or maintain defences so posituon of shorline remains the same

56
Q

Advance the line

A

New defences built at the sea side

57
Q

Managed realligment

A

Allowing shorline to move naturally but mamaging process to direct it to certain areas

58
Q

Where is Holderness

A

East Yorkshire, flamborough head to spurn head

59
Q

Why is the erosion so fast at Holderness

A

-Powerfull North sea winds
-Easily eroded clay rock
-Smaller beaches so waves lose less energy

60
Q

Why defend Mapleton Holderness

A

-Main road costs more to re route
-250 residents

61
Q

How defending Holderness

A

2 rock groynes trapping sand to make beach bigger to absorb wave energy
Rock armour protects weak clay cliffs

62
Q

Advantages of defending Holderness

A

-Save money on rebuilding
-Stop insurance prices rising

63
Q

Disadvantages of defending Holderness

A

-Doubled rate of erosion down the cliff
-Less longshore drify

64
Q

What defences used on the Studland

A

-Hold the line to protect beach huts and businesses
-Managed retreat to maintain deposition up the coast at the spit

65
Q

What is Studland

A

Honey pot site

66
Q

Importance of Studland

A

-Sea horse habitat
-Large employer
-Dunes have large biodiversity

67
Q

Pressure on Studland ecosystem

A

-Conjestion from traffic
-20 000 visitors a day
-Littering

68
Q
A

GCSE Geography Eduquas (11 decks)

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