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GCSE Geography Eduquas > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

3 types of weathering

A

Mechanical,chemical, biological

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2
Q

Chemical weathering

A

process of chemicals in rainwater making changes to the minerals in a rock.

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3
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

process of rocks crumbling due to rain, wind, or other atmospheric conditions.

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4
Q

biological weathering

A

living organisums break down rocks

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5
Q

Mass movements

A

the large movement of soil and rock down the slope of a hill or cliff

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6
Q

what causes mass movements

A

weathering erosion and gravity

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7
Q

3 types of mass movement

A

Slumps slides rockfalls

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8
Q

Slides

A

material moves down a slope in a straight line

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9
Q

slumps

A

material moves down slope at a curve

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10
Q

Rockfalls

A

material breaks and crumbles down a cliff

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11
Q

4 types of erosion

A

solution,abrasion,attrition,hydraulic action

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12
Q

abrasion

A

When pebbles grind along the river bank and bed in a sand-papering effect

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13
Q

attrition

A

When rocks that the river is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

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14
Q

Hydraulic action

A

force of water crashing against the coastline causing material to be dislodged and carried away by the sea

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15
Q

soloution ( erosion)

A

When the water dissolves certain types of rocks

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16
Q

deposition

A

The laying down of sediment carried by the sea

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17
Q

when does deposition occur

A

when the swash is stronger than the backwash and is associated with constructive waves.

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18
Q

4 transport processes

A

traction.saltation,suspension,soloution

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19
Q

traction

A

large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed.

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20
Q

Saltation

A

pebbles are bounced along the river bed,

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21
Q

Suspension

A

lighter sediment is suspended (carried) within the water

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22
Q

solution ( transport)

A

the transport of dissolved chemicals.

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23
Q

constructive waves

A

Deposit material onto coastlines because they have a strong swash and weak backwash

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24
Q

3 Features of constructive waves

A

-Not very tall
-Longer wavelength than destructive
-Low frequency

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25
Destructive waves
Stronger backwash than swash meaning they drag more material away from coastline than whats desposited along the shore
26
In what areas are headlands and bays formed
Areas that have alternate areas of soft and hard rock facing the stea
27
What are concordant coastlines
Alternate layers of soft and hard rock
28
What are disconcordant coastlines
Coastlines have alternate layers of hard and soft rock at 90 degrees to the coast
29
How are wave cut platforms made
The sea attacks the base of the cliff between the high and low water mark. A wave-cut notch is formed by erosional processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action - this is a dent in the cliff usually at the level of high tide. As the notch increases in size, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses, leading to the retreat of the cliff face. The backwash carries away the eroded material, leaving a wave-cut platform. The process repeats. The cliff continues to retreat.
30
How are caves formed
Weaknesses in rocks like cracks are widened by erosional processes ( hydrochloric action and abrasion ) repeated erosion of the cracks causes them to be large enough to form caves
31
How are arches formed
Continued erosion deepens a cave until it breaks through the headland
32
How are stacks formed
When top of arch collapses due to gravity
33
How are spits formed
-Sharp bends in the coastline -Longshore drift transports sand past the bend and desposits into the sea -Strong winds curve end of the spit -The sheltered area behind a spit is proctected from waves so can bevome mud slat or salt marsh
34
How is a bar formed
Sometimes a spit can grow across a bay, joining two headlands together. This landform is known as a bar. They can trap shallow lakes behind the bar, these are known as lagoons.
35
Case study: what is the importance of studland
-Large employer -Honeypot site provides income -Biodiverse -Habitats
36
Pressures on the studland ecosystem
-20 000 visitors a day -Conjestion from traffic -Litter
37
How they manage pressures on studland ecosystem
-Enforcment of illegal parking -Zonation -Employ more people to support the local economy for more schemes to help
38
Longshore drift
A process that gradually moves beach material along the coast, the action of swash and backwash results in a zigzag movement of material
39
Features of longshore drift
-Swash carries material up the beach -Backwash carries material down the beach due to gravity -Backwash always moves at a 90 degree angle -Waves approach as an angle at the same direction as prevailing winds
40
When does deposition occur
When the sea loses energy and drops eroded material
41
How are sandy beaches formed
-Constructive waves -Small sand particles easily carried back down the beach by backwash so beaches are long and shallow
42
How are shingle beaches formed
-high energy waves -backwash is stronger than the swash so larger sediment is left behind -weak swash dies noit move sediment for up the beach creating short and deep beacjes
43
Advantages of Sea walls
Prevent erosion but not movement of sediment so can't effect other areas Last a long time
44
Disadvantages of sea walls
-Strong backwash erodes wall foundations -Expensie to build and maintain -Ugly
45
Advantages of Rock armour
-Cheap to build and maintain -Effective at absorbing line power
46
Disadvantages of rock armour
-Boulders sourced from other locations -Ugly
47
Advantages of Groynes
-Cheap and effective -Create larger beeches
48
Disadvantages of Groynes
-Affects erosion up the coast
49
Advantages of Gabions
-Cheap and easy to contrust -Made from local materials
50
Disadvantages of Gabions
-Ugly -Erode after 10 years -If broken, material dangerous
51
Advantages of beach nourishment
-Create a wider beach which attract more tourists -Slows waves so more protection from erosion
52
Disadvantages of beach nourishment
-Expensive -Must be repeated reguarly
53
Advantages of dune regeneration
-Barrier between land and sea -Help maintain natural habitats
54
Disadvantages of dune regeneration
-Expensive -Requires lots of regenerattion
55
Hold the line
Build or maintain defences so posituon of shorline remains the same
56
Advance the line
New defences built at the sea side
57
Managed realligment
Allowing shorline to move naturally but mamaging process to direct it to certain areas
58
Where is Holderness
East Yorkshire, flamborough head to spurn head
59
Why is the erosion so fast at Holderness
-Powerfull North sea winds -Easily eroded clay rock -Smaller beaches so waves lose less energy
60
Why defend Mapleton Holderness
-Main road costs more to re route -250 residents
61
How defending Holderness
2 rock groynes trapping sand to make beach bigger to absorb wave energy Rock armour protects weak clay cliffs
62
Advantages of defending Holderness
-Save money on rebuilding -Stop insurance prices rising
63
Disadvantages of defending Holderness
-Doubled rate of erosion down the cliff -Less longshore drify
64
What defences used on the Studland
-Hold the line to protect beach huts and businesses -Managed retreat to maintain deposition up the coast at the spit
65
What is Studland
Honey pot site
66
Importance of Studland
-Sea horse habitat -Large employer -Dunes have large biodiversity
67
Pressure on Studland ecosystem
-Conjestion from traffic -20 000 visitors a day -Littering
68

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