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Physical Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

The wider coastal zone including adjacent land and shallow parts of the sea just offshore

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2
Q

What are the 4 parts to the littoral zone in order?

A

Backshore, foreshore, nearshore, offshore

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3
Q

What is a sediment cell?

A

Areas where the movement of sediment occurs around the British coastline

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4
Q

What are sources of sediment (at least 3)

A

Erosion, subaerial processes, rivers bringing in sediment, onshore currents, shells and remains

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5
Q

What are the transports of sediment (4)

A

Waves, wind, longshore drift, localised currents

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6
Q

What are the sinks of sediment (3)

A

Deposition in deep waters, back and foreshore depositional land forms, nearshore depositional landforms

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7
Q

What is a closed system?

A

Where nothing enters or leaves the system

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8
Q

What are sub cells?

A

Cells within the primary sediment cells in which coastal change also occurs

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9
Q

Why are sediment cells not closed systems?

A

As there could be variations in wind dirction and tidal currents so it is inevitable that some sediment is transferred between

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10
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Changes in the balance until a new equilibrium is reached

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11
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Maintaining a constant equilibrium

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12
Q

Name 2 biological types of weathering

A

Organic weathering, tree roots and animals burrowing

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13
Q

Name 3 chemical types of weathering

A

Acid rain, oxidation, carbonation

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14
Q

Name 3 mechanical types of weathering

A

Frreze-thaw, pressure release, hydration

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15
Q

What causes a high tide?

A

When the moon pulls water towards it

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16
Q

What is a spring tide?

A

When the sun and moon are aligned, the tidal force it at its strongest

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17
Q

What is a neap tide?

A

When the sun and moon are perpendicular to each other

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18
Q

What does a high tidal range result in?

A

Wide zone of wave attack causing more coastal erosion

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19
Q

What is weathering?

A

Weakening of rocks in situ

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20
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Movement of sediment caused by weakened rock/soil collapsing due to weathering

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21
Q

Name 5 types of mass movement

A

Soil creep, earthflow, rockfall, debris slide, slumps

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22
Q

What is soil creep?

A

Slow downhill movement of individual soil particles

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23
Q

What is earth/mud flow?

A

Increase in amount of water reduces friction causing earth and mud to flow over bedrock

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24
Q

What is debris slide?

A

Increase in water reduces friction causing sediment to slide down the cliff

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25
Q

What is slumping?

A

Increase in water reduces friction causing sediment to move down the cliff in a rotational movement

26
Q

How is a re curved spit formed?

A

The outward flow of water will prevent the spit from extending across an estuary mouth causing the end to curve

27
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A ridge of sediment formed between a small island and mainland

28
Q

What is a cuspate foreland?

A

Traingular shaped headland occurring when coast is exposed to longshore drift from opposite directions

29
Q

What are the two types of deposition?

A

Gravity settling, flocculation

30
Q

Describe the 5 stages of psammoseral succession

A
  1. Bare ground clonised by pioneer species
  2. They bind to sand and add nutrients when they die and decay
  3. Creeping plants keep moisture in allowing other species to colonise
  4. New species modify the environment further causing it to continue to change until it is stable
  5. Final community to colonise is the climax community
31
Q

What is deposited at the start of a psammoseral succession?

A

Detritus

32
Q

Name the 6 types of vegetation cover during a psammoseral succession

A

Embryo dunes, yellow dunes, grey dunes, fixed dunes, dune slacks, climax

33
Q

What is eustatic change?

A

Changes in sea level due to volume of water

34
Q

What is isostatic change?

A

Changes in sea level due to land

35
Q

Name 2 emergent coastline landforms

A

Raised beaches and cliffs

36
Q

Name 2 submergent coastal landforms

A

Rias and fjords

37
Q

How are rias formed?

A

When valleys in upland areas are flooded

38
Q

How are fjords formed?

A

Deep glacial troughs are flooded by a rise in sea level

39
Q

Name 3 factors affecting salt marsh development (halosere succession)

A

Any 3 from: Tidal regime, weather, wave type, sediment supply, climate, sea level

40
Q

What is the name given to sal tolerant plant species?

A

Halophytes

41
Q

Causes of cyclone sidr (3)

A

Intense low pressure system, 229km/h wind, rise in sea level

42
Q

Social impacts of cyclone sidr on Bangladesh (4)

A

High deaths, injuries, houses destroyed, famine

43
Q

Economic impacts of cyclone sidr (cost)

A

1.76 billion dollars

44
Q

How many were affected by cyclone sidr?

A

2.3 million

45
Q

How many deaths and injuries due to cyclone sidr?

A

3,406 deaths, 55,000 injured

46
Q

Why is Maldives at risk? (4)

A

Many low-lying small islands, small economies with high population densities, houses may get washed away, water supply is limited and at risk

47
Q

Who are environmental refugees?

A

Communities forced to abandon their homes due to natural processes

48
Q

How have Male and Hulhumake been protected (Maldives)

A

3m high sea wall, artificial land built from coral and sediment

49
Q

Sustainable approaches in Maldives (2)

A

Mangroves for the future organisation educates locals on maintaining mangrove swamps as a defence, global environmental facility provided small grants to islanders to help them develop sustainable and organic farming

50
Q

What are revetments?

A

Sloping wooden structures which break up a waves energy

51
Q

What are gabions?

A

Large boulders in steel cages to absorb wave energy

52
Q

What does Integrated Coastal Management allow?

A

Coastal management can occur whilst considering the needs of all stakeholders

53
Q

How is cost-benefit analysis used?

A

Helps decide if defending a coastline from erosion/flooding is economically justifyable

54
Q

Marine causes of erosion in Holderness

A

Size of fetch, frequency of storms, more destructive waves due to location, shallow beach depth

55
Q

Geological causes of erosion in Holderness

A

Bedrock made of till which sits on a layer of seaward sloping chalk, narrow beaches

56
Q

Economic impacts on Holderness

A

Any from: Visitors dropped, unable to build shops and housing, money spent on coastal protection, Easington gas terminal (25%), farmland lost

57
Q

Social impacts on Holderness

A

30 villages lost, properties under threat from erosion lose their value

58
Q

Name the stakeholders in Holderness (make notes on what they believe etc after naming them)

A

Conservationist, local residents, local council and defra,

59
Q

What part of a Dalmatian coastline is raised above sea level and does not become inundated when sea levels rise?

A

Anticline

60
Q

What part of a Dalmatian coastline becomes inundated with water due to a rise in sea level?

A

Syncline

61
Q

Haff coastline formed by…?

A

Long sediment ridges topped by sand dunes that trap lagoons behind them

Physical Geography (2 decks)

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