Coasts Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Does the littoral zone experience effects of longshore currents wave breaking of up to 5-10 metres high in feet?

Is the longshore current when a wave reaches a coastline and releases energy that generates a current parallel to the coastline?

Does the nearshore extend from the foreshore (between high and low water marks) and the lower shore face (below the everyday wave base)?

Is the foreshore the ground between the water edge (edge of any body of water) and cultivated land (land used for growing crops)?

Does the back shore lie between the beach face and the coastline?

Is dynamic equilibrium when there is a lack of change as inputs and outputs remain in balance?

State another word for emerging?

Are the British Isles coasts sandy and low lying? Are these characteristics of a low lying coast?

Can coasts experience high and low energy? Usually is Holderness a low energy coast, however can it become high energy if there are winter storms?

Can resistant coastlines be found in North West of England? Are igneous rocks able to withstand high storms?

Can older sedimentary and metamorphic rock be found in the North West? What environments are rocky coasts found in?

Do Eastern and Southern regions have younger and weaker rocks? State 2 landforms that can be found there?

Why does the littoral zone constantly change? Do tides and storms affect band around the coast?

Are Durdle Door and Moray Coast two coastal locations in the UK?

Answer

A

Yes

Becoming

Yes. Yes.

Yes. High energy environments.

Yes. Mudflats and lagoons.

Because dynamic interaction. Yes.

Yes.

Question 2

Q

State two types of landforms that could be created by different inputs and processes along the coast?

State one input and one process found along a coast?

State one feature of weather that influences the coast? Does how resistant rocks are determine what landforms are made at the coast?

Can land use influence shape of coasts? Can longshore drift influence the outline of the coast?

Answer

A

Depositional and erosional landforms.

Rock type and structure, and transportation via longshore drift.

Wind strength. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Question 3

Q

Is lithology the physical properties of a rock? Is strata the layers of rock? Is geomorphology the study of landforms and its evolution?

Does deformation mean a change from the normal size or shape? Is faulting when a crack in the earth crust is formed when displacement of one side over the other occurs?

Is a concordant coast when bands of differing rock types run parallel to the coast? Is a discordant coastline where geology alternates between strata of hard and soft rock?

Is a Dalmatian Coast where a continental fold region is submerged, but its stretch of land maintains connection with tectonic structures? Is a Haff Coast a shallow lagoon separated from sea by a narrow sandbar?

Is a bay a body of water surrounded by land? Are headlands formed when sea hits area of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock?

Is wave refraction a change in direction of a wave caused by a change in speed? Do high energy coasts have powerful destructive waves and landforms such as caves and stacks? Do low energy coasts have constructive waves and therefore more deposition than erosion?

State 2 types of landforms that have been created by erosion? Are sand dunes and spits two landforms to have been created by deposition? Have cliffs and landslides been formed by mass movement? Which landform is concordant: a cove or a beach?

Are dips the angle at which rock strata lies? Are faults formed when pressure forced upon a rock exceeds its internal strength? Does the fault created then move along a fault plane?

Are folds formed during pressure from tectonic activities? Are folds created when rocks buckle and crumple? Is an example Lulworth Crumple?

Are joints vertical cracks that have been formed by contraction as sediments dry out?

Are bedding planes horizontal cracks formed overtime as gaps emerge during rock formation?

Are cliff profiles subject to marine and sub-aerial processes? Are examples of sub-aerial processes mass movement and weathering?

Would cliffs with a flat structure be the weakest as when mass movement occurs material would be able to easily move down? However are cliffs that are orderly constructed less likely to be weak, as material is less likely to move and deposit on the beach?

Do igneous rocks react with acids?

Does sedimentary rock form when hot, molten rock crystallises and solidifies? Can metamorphic change shape through intense heat?

Is step one of the rock cycle weathering breaking rock down and being moved away by erosion? Are particles transported away and deposited into the sea? Do rock particles then form layers as they are continuously deposited?

Does cementation then press layers creating sedimentary rocks? Do underground rocks have pressure and turn into metamorphic rocks? Does rock then get heated causing rocks to melt, then does pressure force magma up creating a volcano? After rising does it cool and create igneous rock?

Do areas of rock then slowly uplift due to forming beneath the surface? State two ways erosion is increased and one way erosion occurs at a slower rate?

Answer

A

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

An arch and slumping. Yes. Yes. A cove.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

No

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. High energy waves and rising sea levels, and stronger rock types.

Question 4

Q

Is the Portland Stone made up of limestone that was deposited 150 million years ago when the UK was at a lower latitude?

Have waves entered cracks in limestone at Lulworth Cove? Has this led to a larger gap emerging as soft rock is easily eroded?

Is Stair Hole a small cove along with some natural limestone arches? Does water enter through gaps to erode softer rock?

Is Worbarrow Bay a large, shallow bay found to the east of Lulworth Cove?

Is Durdle Door a natural limestone arch found on the Jurassic Coast near Lulworth?

Is Lulworth Crumple a minor fold structure within the major monocline of the Alpine age in Lulworth Cove area?

Is the foreland area of land lying in front of a feature? Is Old Harry a three chalk formation located in Dorset?

Is Studland Bay a natural coastline in Purbeck which is 4 miles long and surrounded by water?

Is Ballard Point a headland of vertical chalk? Is Swanage Bay part of a sand beach in Dorset?

Is Durlston Head a headland composed of Portland Limestone, which gradually changes structure from East to West?

Answer

A

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Question 5

Q

Is sedimentary rock formed from pre-existing rock or once living organisms? Is metamorphic rock when rocks are subjected to high heat, pressure, and hot minerals?

Is basalt an igneous rock that consists of what mineral? Does unconsolidated mean loosely arranged subsidiaries?

Is recession rate erosion of cliff or headland from given point? Is coastal retreat landward shift of coastline either due to erosion or sea level rise?

Is differentiational erosion when soft rock is exposed and erodes faster than hard rock?

Is Holderness made up of a range of classic features which range over 50km?

State one reason why this coast is one of the most receding in Europe?

How many villages have fallen into the sea since Roman times? Have more houses near the sea had to be built due to growing population?

Does the rain winter storms bring intensify land-based processes?

Are the dominant waves in the direction of the largest fetch? What direction is this?

After eroding the material at the bottom of the cliff, is material moved southwards through LSD?

How many kilometres long is Spurn Point? Do horizontal bedding planes seen on cliffs help the formation of wave-cut platforms?

Do wave cut platforms form close to high tide? Can vertical joints lead to the formation of caves?

Can wave quarrying form from hydraulic action? Does wave refraction further concentrate waves on headlands?

How fast does Holderness coast retreat? Does the weight of the water from rainfall causing clay from the cliffs to slump, is this then moved southwards through suspension?

How much tonnes of sediment is carried each year? How fast are cliffs in Easington retreating?

May the building of groins to encourage deposition in one area lead to more erosion elsewhere? Is an example along the Holderness coast?

Is the spit at Spurn Head currently growing at 10cm each year? But are winter storms threatening to cut it off from mainland?

Can the presence of people turn an event into a hazard? Is the development of new leisures attracting more people?

Can global warming causing a rise in sea level have a great effect on Humber Estuary?

Answer

A

Yes. Yes.

Plagioclase. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes.

Due to its clay geology

Yes.

Yes.

Yes. North East.

Yes

6km. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

1.8 metres per year. Yes.

Half a million tonnes. Ten metres per year.

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Question 6

Q

Is plant succession the process of a dominant plant species occupying a climatic habitat?

Are pioneer plants adapted to cope with harsh conditions?

Is a sand dune ecosystem a series of hills created by the wind? Is a psammosere a succession of sand dunes?

Are embryo dunes right next the beach and the youngest to be on the coastline?

Next level of dune along, is it slightly more established and stable than the embryo dune?

Is yellow dune the next along and even more established? What is common here?

Are grey dunes more protected and do they enable plants to grow more easily?

Is a dune slack a dip due to water table getting up to ground level?

Is climatic climax community a community for plants, animals and fungi that has become steady?

Where is salt marsh found? Is a halosere a succession in a saline region? What is a halophyte?

Is a creek a small tributary for a larger stream? How old are the dunes and Dune Heath?

Is saltation the bouncing of sand grains as they are continuously picked up and dropped?

Answer

A

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Marram Grass.

Yes

Between land and open salt water. Yes. Salt tolerant plant.

Yes. Over 250 years old.

Yes.

Question 7

Q

During a sand dune plant succession is bare ground first colonised by pioneer species? Do pioneer species modify the environment by binding sand with roots and nutrients when they die?

Do creeping plants keep moisture in sand? Do these changes then allow that species to colonise? What do the next invaders do to modify the environment? Does this set of species colonise until stable?

What is the final community to colonise?

For salt marsh succession does deposition occur due to low wave energy? How much sediment is collected each year for the process of LSD? Does vegetation help hold sediment together?

Are salt marshes made up of sediment that accumulates around estuaries? Do salt marshes form where salt and fresh water meet?

Do salt tolerant plants stabilise mudflats when they are formed? Do halophytes help slow tidal flow?

State 2 characteristics of sand? State one reason why pioneer plants can survive in extreme conditions?

What is created around the sea couch grass? Is there improvement in nutrient content as couch grass combines with underground stems (rhizomes)?

Are all stomata located on the inward rolled part of the marram grass, indicating less transpiration occurs?

Why does salt content in soil decline? As salty conditions decline can more species become established?

Are armed shrubs grazed? Do these therefore allow seedlings to become established?

Is the formula to calculate chi-squared (number of x observed - expected number)^2 / expected value?

Answer

A

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Providing shade and improve soil.

Climatic climax community

Yes. 20mm. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Lacks organic matter and dries out very quickly. Can establish xerophytic characteristics.

Embryo dune. Yes.

Yes.

Rainwater leaches salt. Yes.

No. Yes.

Yes

Question 8

Q

Does a constructive wave have a stronger swash than backwash?

Is a destructive wave one that is formed by a local storm that crashes down onto a beach and has a stronger backwash?

Is the fetch the distance in the air the wind can blow? What is the top and bottom of a wave called?

Is the swash the forward movement of a wave? Is the backwash the backward movement of a wave?

Is beach morphology the shape of the beach? Is wave refraction the bending of a wave in response to an obstacle?

Does the continuous interaction with the wind and the body of water eventually cause a crest of the wave?

As waves approach shore does becoming elliptical cause the crest to break over?

Which type of waves are more frequent?

Would rocky beach indicate destructive waves, whereas sandy beaches resemble constructive waves?

Does Fistral Beach, in Southern England have the highest waves?

Has Cornwall recently experienced their flattest waves for 13 years?

Would the waves within Central England have the flattest waves as they would have the most obstacles to get past?

Are summer beaches formed when calm constructive waves form sandy, smooth beaches? Are winter beaches formed when the harsh winter weather causes destructive waves to make rocky beaches?

Is a bar created when there is a gap in the coastland with water in it? Does longshore drift happen in-front of it?

Is berm when smallest material is deposited closer to the coastline and larger material is deposited more inland?

Soft rock is eroded as water crashes against it, however does harder rock remain leaving a cliff?

Do cusps form when sand joins up with shingle? Does a storm beach form when storms throw rocks towards the back of the beach?

Answer

A

Yes

Yes. Crest, and trough.

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Destructive

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Question 9

Q

Is erosion retreating the land inland? Name the four types of erosion?

Is hydraulic action water being forced against the coast and into cracks within the rock? Is attrition materials being carried by waves bump into each other so that they become smooth and round?

Is corrosion chemical action of sea slowly dissolving the rock? Is abrasion when cliffs are worn down by material carried by waves? Is differential erosion when some rocks erode faster than others due to the hardness?

Do wave-cut platforms form between high and low tide where waves impact the cliff?

Is step one to the formation of a wave-cut platform marine erosion between the high and low tide by abrasion and hydraulic action forms a wave-cut notch against the base of the cliff?

Does the notch continue to deepen until the overlying material collapses by mass movement? Does the process repeat whilst the cliff retreats?

Is the rock just below low tide ever eroded? Due to the overlying material being eroded, does the unaffected bottom bit form a platform?

Is step one to forming cave-arch-stack-stump rocks have vertically dipping bedding planes in their structure? Are these faults in the rocks then repeatedly eroded, getting to a point where the fault forms a sea cave?

Step 3 is where more erosion and wave refraction takes place to make sure all sides are effected? At Step 4 may waves cut through to form an arch?

Are vertical joints then exposed and can these be weathered from above potentially forming blowholes? Does the arch then become unstable forming a stack then a stump? Is broken material then carried away and deposited in the bay?

Why can’t cliffs made out of metamorphic or sedimentary rocks not undergo this process?

Answer

A

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

No. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Because it is not competent enough

Question 10

Q

Is a sediment cell a mini system where material is eroded, transported, and deposited?

What features are predominantly created by longshore drift? Do recurved spits bend slightly shoreward? When two spits from both sides of the bay extend out into opposite directions?

Is an offshore bar partly or fully submerged and be built on by waves offshore from a beach? Is a bar sand or shingle that is above high tide and parallel to the coast however separated by a lagoon?

Is a tombolo a sand bar connecting one island with the mainland of another island? Does longshore drift travel in the direction of the prevailing wind?

State 4 processes that can transport material through water? Does suspension make water look dirty? Is solution salts dissolved in the sea so are unable to be seen? Is saltation small rocks bouncing along the seabed? Is traction large materials that can only be rolled across the seabed?

Are the 2 high and 2 low tides a day due to the moons gravitational pull on the earth? Is tidal range the difference in height between the two tide? At the high tide is there a strong current which is used to transport sediment?

Does some sediment come from tidal currents that pick up material on sea floor? Is sand carried south along Lincolnshire coast? How many rivers discharge into The Wash? Is the main sediment source to the Wash about 3 hours away by car?

Is wind eroded sediment and river eroded sediment two types of sources? Is longshore drift and tides transfers? Is an example of a sink (point at which beach material is lost from coastal cell) landforms?

Is dynamic equilibrium within a sediment cell where inputs and outputs are equal? When they are unequal does the system adjust to ensure they remain in equilibrium?

Answer

A

Yes

Cuspate foreland. Yes. Double spit.

Yes. Yes.

Suspension, solution, saltation, and traction. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. 4. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Question 11

Q

Is mechanical weathering physical changes causing rocks to break down, for example weather change from day to night?

Is chemical weathering, disintegrating of rocks through chemical reactions? Does biological involve growth of plants or animals borrowing their way into small gaps in rocks?

Does block-fall occur on a slope of at least 40 degrees? Does rotational slumping involve movement along a curved rock plane? Does slumping usually move as a single mass?

Are rotational scars fresh rock surfaces on the cliff face? Is a talus scree slope a fan shaped mound of material? Does a terraced cliff profile have a concave (inwards) upwards form?

Is freeze thaw (mechanical) associated with high diurnal (daily) temperatures? Does the water enter the cracks and at night expand 9% as it turns to ice? Would these expand the cracks and over a repeated process result in scree or talus slopes?

Is hydration (chemical) associated with rocks that include salts absorbing water making them more susceptible to decomposition? Is this most effective in places that have wet and dry phases like intertidal (ocean meets land between high and low tide) zones?

For biological weathering can tree roots physically widen joints? Can borrowing animals and secretions of sea creatures also be blamed for weathering of exposed rocks in tidal zones? Can some organisms like peacocks drill into rocks?

Is it evident that the strongest chemical weathering occurs at the highest temperature and highest rainfall whereas the slightest of weathering occurs at lowest rainfall and a range of temperature?

Is mass movement the movement of material downslope by gravity? Is soil creep the slowest mass movement, as the movement of soil is reliant on every time it rains? Does freeze thaw affect this mass movement as thawing can encourage falling?

Is there 5cm-1m movement per year for solifluction? During the summer does top layer thaw out, however since most of the area is still frozen due to permafrost does the saturated material flow down?

How much movement occurs on mudflows a year? Does the flow occur on steeper slopes which are saturated? Does this produce soil material and does the movement occur during rainfall?

Is rock fall a slide example? Do slides move as a large mass and retain original structure whilst flowing down an impermeable slope? Is a rock fall a quantity of rock that has fallen freely from a cliff?

Are rock and debris slides characterised by chaotic movement of material, water and ice? Does it slide on a saturated vegetated slope, resulting in broken timber and other debris?

Does rotational slumping occur when a slump block containing sediment and rock slides along a concave upward slip surface? Does rotational movement cause the original surface of block to be less steep, with the top rotating backwards?

Does mudflow tend to be the wettest form of mass movement as it contains saturated soil? Is rockfall described as the fastest? Is rockfall faster than other movements due to large amounts being able to flow down the cliff face? Is soil creep a slower type due to rocks moving slower?

Is erosion the wearing away of land and removal of material? Is weathering the break down of rock? Is salt crystallisation an example of mechanical weathering? Is this when salt crystals deposited in cracks overtime leads to more pressure on the cracks?

Answer

A

Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

5-15km. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes.

Question 12

Q

Is the mean sea level the average height between high and low tide?

Is eustatic the change in volume of sea water, whereas is isostatic the change in height of land relative to sea level?

Is a tectonic process the movement of plates that affects how relative the sea is to land?

Is a submerging coastline one that has been covered by rising sea levels? Are raised beaches landforms that have been raised out of the sea due to sea level fall?

Is an emergent coastline a former coastline now above the high tide level? What is the difference between a fjord and a ria?

Is accretion the accumulation of land mass along a coastline? Are relict cliffs, cliffs that are further inland due to falling sea level?

When isostatic change is larger than eustatic do emergent features form? Is South of England sinking?

Does wind pushing on water created temporary periods of higher sea level?

State one reason for longer term sea level change?

Why does climate change occur cyclically?

Where does water transfer to over the course of the cycle?

What was the most recent glacial? State two areas that were dry land?

Are glaciers 90,000 year colder phases, whereas interglacials are 10,000 year warmer phases that shrink ice sheets?

Are interglacials where ice melts and the water volume increases in stores once again? Does this lead to marine regression?

How much did sea levels rise by between 1870 and 2010?

Is a eustatic fall in sea level when ice is locked inland and therefore leading to lower sea level?

Is eustatic rise in sea level when ice melts increasing sea level?

Is isostatic change a local change in land level? Could this be because of accretion, which leads to more deposition in sink regions?

As more deposition happens on land might the weight be too much and cause a very slow crustal sag (lower level of land) and therefore a higher sea level? Does this occur along the Mississippi?

Answer

A

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes. A fjord is a flooded river valley whereas a ria is a flooded glacial valley.

Yes. Yes.

Yes

eustatic and isostatic factors.

Due to changes in earth’s orbit around the sun

Transfers from the ocean store to sheets on land

Devensian. The English Channel and he Irish Sea.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

21cm.

Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Question 13

Q

Is post-glacial adjustment when weight of the ice depress the lithosphere down into the asthenosphere, but does the rigid nature of solid crust mean other areas are uplifted?

How much was land rising by a year in Northern Britain at the end of the last ice age?

In the south of Britain is a isostatic subsidence accelerating a sea level rise?

Due to Land’s End isostatically sinking by 1.1mm per annum and there being a 2.8mm eustatic rise is sea level rising by 3.9mm per annum?

Does magma rising at a constructive plate reduce capacity of the ocean and produce eustatic rise?

Does the folding of sedimentary rock by compressive forces at a destructive margin produce an isostatic fall in sea level for anticlines and synclines?

Does sea floor spreading move volcanic islands away from mid ocean ridge? Does the dense crust subside and sea levels rise?

Can faulting uplift HORST blocks of crust?

Answer

A

Yes.

1.5mm

Yes

Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes

Yes

Question 14

Q

How much did sea levels change by during the Devensian Glacial Eustatic changes?

How much did the eustatic rise go up by after Holocene Interglacial?

Was the post-glacial adjustment much slower than the eustatic rise after the Holocene Interglacial?

How fast are the Ford and Clyde valleys in Scotland rising by?

When are emergent coastlines produced?

State 2 characteristics of raised beaches?

Does isostatic recovery allow marine processes to erode cliffs and deposit when sea levels are stable?

Does rapid fall in sea level then leave the relict coastline abandoned?

Is a fossil cliff a steep slope found at the back of a raised beach which used to be eroded by waves but is now above high tide?

How many different levels of raised beaches does the Isle of Arran have?

Are submerged coastlines found on the Eastern coast of the US?

Did rivers erode a steep sided V shaped valley into a frozen landscape giving the ria a V shaped valley when valley flooded?

Is Kingsbury on the south Devon coast an example of a Ria? How long is it?

Are fjords common in glaciated areas flooded during Devansian, for example Norway?

Are fjords straight due to glaciers cutting off spurs?

Are fjords often lower than the sea due to more erosion happening here than on the adjacent unglaciated land?

Is a Dalmatian Coast a narrow strip of islands running parallel to the coast separated by a sea channel?

Do Dalmatian coasts form when the subsidising of land and sea level rise causes the sea to invade low lying areas?
Does this convert valleys into sounds (water channel) and isolated ridges into chains of islands?

How many islands does the Dalmatian Coast of Croatia have running parallel to it?

Does isostatic rebound not happen for a long time then has a short burst of marine regression (uplift of land)?

Do barrier islands form as coastal sand dunes attached to shore? Does sea level then flood land, without eroding the dunes, turning them into islands?

Answer

A

120m

100m

Yes

2mm

Post-glacial adjustment

It is a relict cliff above sea level and has a flat surface covered by sand

Yes

Three

Yes

Yes. 6m long

Yes

1,240

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Question 15

Q

Does the melting of sea ice contribute sea level rise?

Does warming lead to thermal expansion of existing ocean water?

Does tectonic activity account for 10% of sea level rise?

At destructive margins does the folding of plates increase the basin volume? Can rebound mean a lowering of land and a rise in sea levels?

How much did Indian Ocean tsunami rise sea levels by?

Can faulting cause an uplift of crust, which means lowering of sea levels?

Does sea floor spreading transport volcanic islands to areas where the floor is colder, making the islands sink?

To what extent had sea level changed from early Holocene Interglacial to 1860?

Did sea level rise by 3mm from 1990 to 2000? Does the IPCC blame anthropogenic actions?

State one reason why is there such a broad estimation for sea level change up to 2100?

How much would the complete melting of Greenland increase sea levels by? What about Antarctic?

Would complete melting of ice sheets take centuries?

Is marine transgression when sea level rises?

Is Maldives at risk of complete disappearance?

Answer

A

No

Yes

Yes. Yes.

0.1mm

Yes

During the Holocene Interglacial (18,000-6,000BP) period it was 10mm on average. From then to 1860 sea levels only rose by 0.5mm

Yes. Yes.

Uncertainties in science of relationship between climatic warming and rate of ice melting

7m. 50m.

Yes.

Yes

Question 16

Q

Is rapid erosion caused by when physical and marine characteristics combine?

Could this be when a long fetch and soft type of rock occurs?

Can human interventions such as dams trap any sediment from moving down shore, potentially leading to serious consequences?

How much did the construction of the Aswan Dam reduce sediment by in 1964? How much did erosion rates jump by?

Is dredging the removal of material? Could this be collecting sand for construction?

Answer

A

Yes

115m tonnes. 180m per year.

Yes. Yes.

Question 17

Q

Does the weathering above high tide make mass movement easier?

At Overstrand in North Norfolk does hard engineering protect the base of the cliff from hydration weathering (chemical bonds change as interaction with water) and slumping?

Will weathering above high tide make cliff collapsing a quicker process?

Do many slopes experience small scale fluvial rainfall?

Answer

A

Yes.

Yes

Question 18

Q

Do different weather systems change which way wind blows?
Are recession rates higher when wind blows onshore?

State 2 types of wind and which directions they come from?
When wind blows in direction of prevailing wind can only strong winds produce destructive waves?

When wind blows from the direction of a large fetch can just moderate wind cause destructive waves?

What recession rates are the dominant winds from the north causing?

Why is rates of recession more rapid during high tide?

How often does high tide occur on a daily basis?

Does a 1cm rise in sea level produce an average of 1m horizontal erosion?

Are storm events low pressure depressions that cause high, destructive waves?

Why are storm events more likely to occur during winter?

How much higher is the erosion rate during the winter at Holderness than on average?

How often do weaker storms during El Niño occur?

Is the UK located at the polar front between tropical air and cold polar air?

Does the interaction between airs produce high air pressure and low air pressure depressions?

Does high pressure air produce gentle winds and small waves?

Are coastal managements defences against floods and erosion?

Answer

A

Yes
Yes

Dominant- direction of the strongest wind, prevailing- direction of the most common wind.
Yes

Yes

8m per annum

Because deeper water allows the waves to reach higher energy when they reach back shore

Twice, 12 hours apart

Yes

Because the pressure between the tropical and polar air masses is greatest

Over 4m

2-7 years

Yes

Question 19

Q

Holderness

Does hard engineering have high maintenance costs? Are few soft engineering methods sustainable?

Is beach nourishment when sand is pumped to replace what is lost through LSD?

Is red lining prevention of planning from new development?

What managements are used at Skipsea and Barmston?

Does the use of groins at Hornsea cause sand trapping and affect places more south?

At Withernsea are costs limited due to holding the line?

State one action used to decided what management to use?

Has Easington recently been given help?

Does Mappleton’s coastal defences have major issues despite not being hard engineering?

Is sustainable management working to secure future of the coastline?

Are sea walls designed to resist the full force of the wave?

Are revetments used to reflect the direction of the waves?

Are gabions wired cages of rock and is cliff regarding lowering angle of cliffs to stabilise ground?

Answer

A

Yes. Yes.

Yes.

Gabion cages, and rock dumping

Yes

Cost benefit analysis

Yes

Question 20

Q

Is the Integrated Coastal management a process which promotes sustainable management of coasts?

Does the ICZM cover the whole process, such as information collection, planning, decision making, management, and monitoring of implementation?

Does the ICZM listen to stakeholders opinions and decide which approaches would lead to the best outcome for everyone involved?

Is subsidence the sinking of the earth surface due to the removal of any subsurface earth materials?

Which directions does low pressure move from in the northern hemisphere? Is this called a depression?

Is a tropical cyclone an intense circular storm that originates from above warm, tropical oceans?

Is a sundarban a mangrove area found in a delta when confluences of the Padma, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers meet in the Bay of the Bengal?

Is mitigation making impacts less severe by preventing or reducing the chances?

Is Bangladesh one of the most densely populated countries in the world? Does 46% of the population live on or at most 10m above sea level?

Can irrigation cause rivers to silt up (become blocked and chocked with silt)?

How many main and smaller rivers is Bangladesh the floodplain of? Do large areas of the country flood due to Himalayan ice melting? What months are the waves the highest due to strong winds?

Answer

A

Yes

West to east. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes.

3 major rivers and 54 smaller rivers. Yes. March and May.

Question 21

Q

Have Bangladesh’s estuarine islands sunk by as much as 1.5m in last 50 years?

Is there drainage of more than 50 large islands in the Ganges-Brahmaputra river delta?

During the 1960’s and 70’s were embankments built along the islands? How many kilometres worth of embankments have been built to protect Bangladesh?

How many people live on polders (land protected by embankments)?

Are mangrove forests found along the tropical and sub tropical areas? Where is the largest remaining mangrove area found?

State one reason why mangroves are essential? Did mangroves help during the Cyclone Sidr in November 2007?

How much of lost mangrove area has been converted into shrimp farms?

After the 2004 Indian Ocean did the job mangroves play become obvious due to 5,998 more people dying in a town unprotected by mangroves than in a town protected by them?

Has Sri Lanka become the first country in the world to protect all of its mangroves? How many hectares of land is that?

Do mangrove forests store large amounts of carbon?

Is India’s Mahanadi delta (province of Odisha) prone to cyclones that originate from the Bay of Bengal? Have these cyclones led to the loss of mangroves and exposure to cultural sites?

Is Odisha’s coastline under threat from rapid urban industrialisation and coastal erosion?

How much smaller are villages in Odisha’s mangrove content today compared to 50 years ago?

When super cyclone Kalina struck in 1999 did villages still with a width of 4km of mangroves see no deaths?

State one organisation trying to help reserve mangrove destruction?

Did the Archaeology department of Culture and Odisha State disaster Management Authority both play a role in preserving mangroves? Did stakeholders in local community also have a say?

Did consultations with local people however also include building cyclone shelters?

Did a large storm surge hit the East coast of the UK on the 5th December 2013?

Were the storms driven by powerful jet streams across the Atlantic?

How many warnings were sent out to homes and did London see their highest tide since 1984?

Was 1,700 hectares of land inundated and was the estimated cost 200m?

Did the UK response by investing 270m into protection?

What date did Cyclone Sidr sweep into the Bay of Bengal? How fast were the winds travelling at?

Did the storm surges breaching coastal and river embankments cause extreme flooding?

Was the total economic cost of 1.7b generally caused by the failure of embankments?

Was death toll lower than expected due to good forecasting?

Answer

A

Yes

Yes. 400km worth

30m

Yes. The Sundarban region of Bangladesh.

They stabilise the coastlines against erosion. Yes.

25%

Yes

Yes. 8,800

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

4m smaller

Yes

Indian government

Yes. Yes.

Yes

160,000 and yes they did

Yes.

15th November 2007. 223km/hr

Yes

Question 22

Q

Did a storm surge occur in the Netherlands in the year 2013? Were the largest waves above average sea level created on the Frisian Coast (border of Netherlands and Germany)? How high were the waves above average sea level?

Did the series of Delta Works built following the 1953 storm seem to work, as no one died?

Does a Delta Works contain a series of dams and storm surge barriers? Is the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier the largest Delta Works in the world?

Did the Eastern Scheldt cost 2.5b euros to build and 1.7b to operate yearly?

Is climate change expected to make storm surges stronger by between 2-11%?

Per annum how many storms form in the North Atlantic Ocean? How many become hurricane force?

What was the total economic cost of Hurricane Sandy hitting the east coast of the US?

How high above sea level is the Maldives highest point? How much does tourism account for Maldives GDP? Is farming not possible on these islands due to the low lying islands?

Could flooding of the Maldives destroy the $2b tourist industry? If airport is lost will it be hard for Maldives to have sufficient levels of food and necessities?

Even though Khulna is 125km inland from the river port in SW Bangladesh is it constantly at risk of flooding?

When Cyclone Aila swept inland in 2009 did it send a tidal surge up the Passer estuary flooding the city?

Are storm surges along estuaries rising faster than when in large large volumes of water? Are embankments being built causing tidal flows to funnel?

To reduce does leading geomorphologist, John Pethick, believe embankments need to be placed further up the estuary to reduce the funnel effect? Is this controversial as Bangladesh does not want to give up any land to rising sea levels?

Answer

A

Yes. Yes. 3.74 mares above average sea level.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

11, with 6 becoming hurricane force.

65 billion dollars

81.5m. 28%. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Question 23

Q

Is a coastal asset a portion of assets compromised or relating to the 5 refined petroleum product terminals owned by coastal fuels in North Florida?

Is coastal community any coastal community who are within the English local authority area?

Are environmental refugees, immigrants who are forced to leave due to natural disasters?

Is internally displaced people, people who are forced to leave their homes in order to avoid any effects of armed robbery?

Is an NGO a non-profit organisation that operates independently from any government, and whose purpose is to address a social or political issue?

Does some economic losses fall on the shoulders of NGOs and governments, however does the responsibility also fall on the shoulders of individuals?

Does UK government provide any compensation through any houses lost through coastal recession? Was a house in Happisburgh (North Norfolk) worth £1 in 2006?

Do losses from coastal erosion tend to be localised, meaning that the costs are specific to the locations? Do economic costs tend to be localised due to erosion being incremental (affecting a small number of people over a long period of time)?

Do properties lose value way before they give way due to the risk? How much does a 100m strip of road replacement cost? What was the cost of repairing the South Devon Main Line railway at Dawlish in 2014?

Did Holdback Hall Hotel in Scarborough slump 135m beyond the original cliff foot in 1993? Was this due to a major rotational slump of 1m tonnes causing cliff recession? Was heavy rainfall 2 months prior a reported factor as to why it happened?

Why did owners sue the council for 2m in compensation? Did they lose the case in 2000?

Has erosion at Aldborough along the Holderness Coast led to a loss of access to roads and a loss of amenity as the beaches were visually scarred?

In 2014 how many properties did the UK Environmental Agency predict would disappear in the UK in the next decade? how many did they say would disappear until 2035? What could the global costs due to sea level be by 2050?

Are social impacts of coastal recession ones which affect people directly such as loss of livelihood and having to relocate?

State 2 social impacts from the 1953 Netherlands storm surge? How much damage was caused in the winter of 2013-14 in the UK? How many deaths occurred due to the storm surge?

How many buildings in New Jersey were damaged alone due to Hurricane Sandy? What was the total cost of the damage due to the 2012 Hurricane?

How much damages did Typhoon Haiyan of Philippines cause on the city of Tacloban? How many deaths were caused in the 2013 disaster?

How much will the risk of coastal flooding increase in Australia as sea levels rise by 10cm? What cities will be affected? how many billion dollars worth of damage would a 1m rise cause?

If a 0.2m rise happened in sea level what would be he economic damage be in south of Queensland?

Which National Park would be affected by the increase sea levels pushing salt water up the estuaries? Would the tourism industry that contributed 30b dollars to the country’s GDP in 2013 be affected if sea levels rose? How much of the workforce did tourism in Australia employ?

Out of the coral triangle countries which country has had the highest cost of damage? Are the losses about $6.5b a year? Could a 1m rise affect 2.3m people in Manila by 2100?

How many buildings would San Fernando have lost by 2100? How much are land losses in San Fernando estimated to be by 2100?

How many thousands dollars worth has been spent on implementing rip rap in St Augustin?

Answer

A

Yes

No. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes. 150-250k. 35m.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Because they thought the council should had done more to prevent. Yes

Yes

700, 8,000, 1 trillion.

Yes

10% of dutch farmland was flooded and 40,000 buildings were damaged. 1bn. 17.

350,000. 70bn.

$2bn. 6,300 deaths

triple. Sydney and Fremantle. $162bn.

$1.4bn

Kakadu. Yes. 8%.

Philippines. Yes. Yes.

300 buildings. $21m.

$21,000

Question 24

Q

State one country where environmental refugees will be evacuating from? How high is Tuvalu’s highest point above sea level? What percentage of Seychelles population work on the coast?

Are countries at risk of sea level based on tourism and fishing? Between 2008 and 2013 did the Philippines have the third largest number of internally displaced people? How many moved during 2013?

In 2005 how many people escaped New Orleans to evacuate Hurricane Katrina? How many did not return? After the Indian Ocean tsunami did Maldives government move people from lowest lying islands to highest lying islands?

Due to Maldives having a population of 400,000 people was it hard finding islands who wanted them all, so did the government have to negotiate to buy land elsewhere, such as Australia?

Name one country New Zealand offers residency statuses to each year? How much of Tuvalu’s population has moved to New Zealand as a result of the deal?

Answer

A

Maldives. 4.5m. 80%

Yes. Yes. 94%.

1m people. 30%. Yes.

Yes.

Tonga.

3,000 out of 10,800.

Question 25

Q

Does hard engineering involve building artificial structures to try and control natural processes at a local scale?

Is a groin a shore protection structure built perpendicular to the shoreline to reduce long shore drift and encourage deposition?

Is riprap a range of rocky material placed along shorelines, ridge foundations, steep slopes, and other shoreline features to protect them from erosion? How large are the rocks used?

Are revetments sloping armour sea walls that protect the cliff base or settlements?

Do offshore breakwaters protect a harbour, or marina basin from water waves? Do they break longshore currents and prevent beach erosion?

Is soft engineering the natural environment used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding?

Is beach nourishment the artificial placement of sand on an eroded shore to maintain the amount of sand present in the foundation of the coast?

Is cliff stabilisation when the angle of the cliff is reduced to increase stability and when the cliff is re-vegetated to reduce surface erosion?

Is dune stabilisation when fences are put up around dunes to limit the wind speed, subsequently followed by being re-planted so the surface becomes stabilised?

Does sustainable management mean sustaining something in a way that allows future generations to use it?

Does sediment transport to the south-east along the Holderness Coast because the south-east tidal currents are stronger than the north-west ebb currents?

Going from most North to South along the Holderness Coast put Bridlington, Ulrome, Hornsea, and Withernsea into the right order?

Does Bridlington have a population of 33,837 people? Is Bridlington a minor fishing town, with several small businesses and lots of retail shops? Is its main service sector tourism during the summer months?

State 2 sea defences that might want to be implemented at Bridlington?

Does Ulrome have a population of 206 people? Is Ulrome a small village mainly consisting of retired couples? However does it have a historic church?

Is one reason why Ulrome could do without any sea defences because they are expensive and if it does get to a stage where the cliff is retreating all the way back to the village it is not too difficult for 206 people to relocate?

Does Hornsea have a population of 8,432 people? Is modern Hornsea still operating as a coastal resort with large caravan sites in the north and the south?

State one sea defence the people of Hornsea might want to invest in? Is this as it will encourage more deposition over erosion? Is this important as Hornsea will need to keep its beach culture to continue to perform as a holiday resort?

Does Withernsea have a population of 6,159 people? Is Withernsea also popular with holidaymakers, as it has a lot of activities such as 9-hole golf, and a variety of pubs and restaurant?

In Withernsea would beach nourishment be important as there may not be that much LSD happening, so to continue to attract tourists to their beach would they need artificially place sand on the beach?

Answer

A

Yes

Yes. 4 inches to over 2ft.

Yes.

Yes

Yes that is right.

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Sea wall and Groins

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Groins. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes.

Question 26

Q

Does ICZM stand for integrated coastal zone management?

Is SMP (shoreline management plan) a strategy for managing flood and erosion risk for a particular stretch of coast?

Is the littoral zone the closest part of sea to shore? Is a stakeholder someone who has an interest in making a decision?

Are conflicts opposing actions between different sets of people?

Does CBA (cost benefit analysis) measure the benefits of a decision?

Does EIA (environmental impact assessment) evaluate the likely environmental impacts?

Does sea level rise cause the salt marshes in the Blackwater Estuary in Essex to flood?

Are salt marshes important because they produce grazing land for farmers, as well as provides habitats for species who cannot live under any other conditions? Do salt marshes also produce protection for land behind?

How many of the salt marshes in this region have already disappeared and is sea level rise likely to escalate those losses in the next decades?

Have actions already been made to try and support the salt marshes? Have plants been grown in creeks to encourage more protection for the salt marshes? Will many more acts need to be put in place to ensure minimal amount of the habitat continues to be lost?

Will the instalment of more salt marshes have a positive effect on one group, whilst negatively affecting another? For example, may environmentalists gain from the decision as habitats behind the salt marshes are preserved, whereas may local businesses not gain anything as they may be forced to move to allow for salt marshes?

Will some places experience more salt marshes (protection) than others due to the local council (DEFRA) not having enough resources to go round equally?

Does the council need to assess whether sea defences are really needed in a certain location?

Due to avoiding hold the line processes, will water quality improve and therefore provide a better location for fish nurseries?

Should we maybe avoid building on the coast due to low amenity?

If all of a regions money is used up on sea defences in the present, when these sea defences become obsolete and ineffective, will the location not have enough money to spend on future needs?

Answer

A

Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes. Yes

1/4 and yes

Yes. Yes. Yes.

Yes. Yes.

Yes

Yes, possibly

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Coasts Flashcards

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