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Geog Things > Coastal Zone > Flashcards

Coastal Zone Flashcards

1
Q

Abrasion?

A

The sea hurls pebbles and sands against the cliff, chipping and grinding it down

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2
Q

Solution/corrosion

A

When salts and other acids in the sea water slowly dissolve a cliff

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3
Q

Hydraulic action?

A

Powerful waves lash the cliff forcing air into tiny holes. This air expands so pressure weakens the rock breaking it down

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4
Q

5 types of transportation carried out by waves?

A 
Traction
Saltation 
Solution
Suspension 
Longshore drift
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5
Q

Traction?

A

Large stones roll along the seabed

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6
Q

Saltation?

A

Stones bounce along the sea bed

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7
Q

Suspension?

A

Particles carried within the water

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8
Q

Solution?

A

Chemicals dissolved within the sea

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9
Q

Longshore drift?

A

Movement of material along the sea due to wave action

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10
Q

Explain process of lsd

A

Happens when swash carries material up the coast at angle of prevailing wind direction (normally 45 degrees)
Backwash carries material back down the beach at 90 due to gravity
This eventually moves material across the sea

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11
Q

3 types of weathering

A

Chemical
Mechanical
Biological

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12
Q

Mechanical

A

Decay of rock without chemical change (eg freezethaw)

Results in scree

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13
Q

Chemical

A

Decay of rock caused by a chemical reaction within rock (eg calcium carbonate and acid rain)

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14
Q

Biological

A

Decay of rocks due to flora and fauna actions (eg plant roots expanding cracks in rocks)

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15
Q

What is a mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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16
Q

Factors affecting slope

A

Geology
Precipitation
Human activity
Previous weather conditions

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17
Q

Types of mass movement

A

Fall
Slide
Slip/slump
Flow

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18
Q

Fall?

A

Material falls from the scree slow, often caused by freeze thaw weathering

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19
Q

Slide?

A

Blocks of consolidated earth downhill over a straight plain

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20
Q

Flow?

A

Loose material behaving like a liquid (very saturated)

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21
Q

Slip/slump

A

Slumping of unsaturated soil and weak rock along a weak surface

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22
Q

How are headlands formed

What is the process called

A 
When sea attacks a discordant coastline :
Soft rock (eg clay) erodes more quickly than resistant rock leaving a section of land jutting out to sea called a headland (known as differential erosion)
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23
Q

What is a concordance coastline

A

Coastlines made of the same type of rock

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24
Q

Example of discordant coastline

A

durlston head

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25
Q

What is weathering?

A

The decay of rocks in situ or at closest to the ground surface

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26
Q

Attrition?

A

Rocks and stones that the sea erodes from the cliffs are round and broken down as they bump against each other as they’re thrown against the cliff

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26
Q

3 types of weathering

A

Chemical
Mechanical
Biological

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27
Q

Mechanical

A

Decay of rock without chemical change (eg freezethaw)

Results in scree

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28
Q

Chemical

A

Decay of rock caused by a chemical reaction within rock (eg calcium carbonate and acid rain)

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29
Q

Biological

A

Decay of rocks due to flora and fauna actions (eg plant roots expanding cracks in rocks)

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30
Q

What is a mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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31
Q

Factors affecting slope

A

Geology
Precipitation
Human activity
Previous weather conditions

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32
Q

Types of mass movement

A

Fall
Slide
Slip/slump
Flow

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33
Q

Fall?

A

Material falls from the scree slow, often caused by freeze thaw weathering

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34
Q

Slide?

A

Blocks of consolidated earth downhill over a straight plain

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35
Q

Flow?

A

Loose material behaving like a liquid (very saturated)

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36
Q

Slip/slump

A

Slumping of unsaturated soil and weak rock along a weak surface

37
Q

How are headlands formed

What is the process called

A 
When sea attacks a discordant coastline :
Soft rock (eg clay) erodes more quickly than resistant rock leaving a section of land jutting out to sea called a headland (known as differential erosion)
38
Q

What is a concordance coastline

A

Coastlines made of the same type of rock

39
Q

Example of discordant coastline

A

durlston head

40
Q

What is wave cut platform?

A

The flat slope left after the cliff has retreated backwards, exposed especially at low tides

41
Q

How do caves, arch, stack, stump form?

A

Hydraulic action affects headlands by eroding weak faults in the rocks
Firstly a wave cut notch is created (abrasion)
Overtime this becomes a cave
All erosion processes makes cave an arch
Eventually the top of arch collapses over own weight
This leaves a lonely stack
Weathering and erosion undercut stack and so it collapses to form a stump

42
Q

How are wave cut platforms form?

A

1 between high and low tides abrasion takes place
2 creates a wave cut notch, exposed at a low tide- the cliff has been undercut
3 the top of the cliff is unstable and overhang collapses into the sea providing more material for abrasion and attrition
(Meanwhile simultaneously the cliff has retreated landwards)
4 a wave cut notch and a wave cut platform is left

43
Q

Where does deposition occur?

A

Little energy environments (can’t transport materials)
Sheltered areas
Where groynes protect the beach
Where erosion provides abundant supply of material

44
Q

What is a spit

A

A long narrow piece of land joined to mainland and juts out to sea/estuary composed of sand/shingle

45
Q

How do spit forms?

A

Prevailing wind and maximum fetch will carry material via lsd
Change in direction of coastline so sand/shingle are deposited in the more sheltered water
(storms will build up more material)
the end of spit begins to round due to wave refraction and second dominant wind direction( it carries material to more sheltered water)

46
Q

What is a tombolo? Eg?

A

A spit that joins island to mainland

Eg Chesel beach -30km and links Isle of Portland to mainland

47
Q

What is a bar?

A

If a spit develops across a bay where there is no strong flow of water from the landward side, sediment can reach the other side

48
Q

3 types of beaches

A

Sandy
Stormy
Shingle

49
Q

Features of sandy beaches

A

V flat and wide
Most swash returns as backwash, little energy lost to friction so material is carried back down the beach
Leads to development of ridges and runnels in low water mark

50
Q

Features of shingle beach

A

More energy needed to transport shingle so more destructive waves
Backwash isn’t able to carry shingle back out
Steep gradient of 10-20 degrees

51
Q

Constructive wave ?

A

Strong swash and weak backwash
Created in calm weather
1m high
Long wavelength, low amplitude

52
Q

Destructive wave

A

Stormy conditions
Weak swash strong backwash
Short wavelength, high amplitude

53
Q

Hard engineering strategies

A

Sea walls
Groynes
Rock armour

54
Q

What do groynes do?

A

Placed vertically along beaches

Barrier for longshore drift and keeps a wide beach

55
Q

What do rock amour do

A

Absorb wave energy

56
Q

Soft engineering beach strategies?

A

Beach nourishment
Managed retreat
Marsh creation

57
Q

What is beach nourishment

A

Replaces erodes sand

58
Q

What is marsh creation

A

Changes land use of an area so it absorbs wave energy

59
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allowing controlled flooding of low lying areas/cliff collaps

60
Q

Pros and cons of soft engineering

A

Pro
Cheap easy to maintain
Blends in with beach
Creates habitat for wildlife

Cons
Constant maintained
Land’s lost
Easily damaged by storms

61
Q

What are salt marshes/ what are they found?

A

Found in low energy environments (eg enclosed bays/shelter of soils)
Formed when silt and mud are deposited by tides to form intertidal mudflats

62
Q

What is a vegetation succession called

A

Halosere

63
Q

What plant types develop fast

A

Halophytic (don’t mind salt)

64
Q

How has Essex sat marsh been conserved still allowing sustainable use of the area?

A
  • Largest scheme in Europe to create ancient wetland from 2012-19
  • Turn 746 hectares of land into 360 of mudflat, 160 of salt marsh, 46 of saline lagoons, 64 of grazing marshland and 129 of pasture
  • £12 to carry out
  • Sustainable way of protecting the coast
  • Land was taken from areas in London in which roads were built
  • It was a managed realignment of the coast
66
Q

Formation of salt marsh?

A

Exposed at low tide, thin layers of mud only contain algae
Mud deepens so pioneer plants establish (eg spartina and glasswort)
There are more plants higher up the marsh so more sediment is trapped there, therefore the marsh rises and channel deepens (marinagrass and seaspurlane)
The mud deepens so only the highest plants cover the marsh now (more plants colonise inc sea rush and red fescue come)
The channel deepens due to run off (sea thrift and lavender)

67
Q

How have fauna adapted to salt marshes?

A

Yellow legs have reduced webbing between toes so it’s easier to walk

Curlew and egrets have long curved beak to dig into mud

Redshanks have long legs to keep body dry

Oystercatcher’s bill is perfect shape to prise muscles open

68
Q

How has glasswort specifically adapted?

A

Glasswort has air channels in leaves for oxygen plus has concentrated salt so more water goes into the plant via osmosis

71
Q

Causing for rising sea level?

A

Melting of ice sheets (Antarctica and Greenland) increases mass of sea
Sinking land
Near surface thermal expansion increases volume of sea (warming oceans expand)

72
Q

Facts about Maldives

A

Airport runway just 1.2m above sea level

Sea level is predicted to rise by 86cm before 2100 - 77% of land will be lost

73
Q

Economic impacts of rising sea level in the Maldives

A

Malé International Airport runway is just 1.2 m above sea level = would cripple economy: can’t import / export and tourist industry would plummet (which atm is 28% of country’s gdp)

Higher sea level = more beach erosion = less tourism

Money has to be invested in sea defences

Property loss

74
Q

Social impacts of rising sea level in the Maldives

A

Loss of jobs due to loss of tourism and fishing (2nd biggest industry) industries

Loss of food (fish = food for a lot of people)

Water gets contaminated in Malé

…as a result people will migrate

75
Q

Area of recent cliff collapse? When?

A

Jurassic Coast 2012

76
Q

Erosion rate of Jurassic coast?

A

67m in next 100 years

77
Q

Why is Jurassic coat vulnerable to cliff collapse?

A

Soft sedimentary rock (eg limestone) more susceptible to sea erosion and mass movement
High precipitation rates: in 2012 Dorset received 147% of national rainfall between May - December
30% of rocks is made of pores which hold water making it heavier

78
Q

Impacts on lives in the Jurassic coast

A

Property loss in Devon
Houses decreased in value
Mass movement at Monmouth Beach caused £200 000 of damage on high quality beach huts
Closing of beach meant nearby businesses lost trade
22 year old Charlotte Blackman killed

79
Q

Impact on environment in Jurassic coast?

A

Loss of iconic beauty sites eg Durdle Door
400 tonnes of rock fell (obviously altered shape of landscape)

But fossils have been uncovered :)

80
Q

How people worsened the situation at Jurassic coast?

A

Tourists went hiking to out of bounds area which caused more (smaller) mass movements
Fossil hunting at base of cliff collapse our lives in danger (eg at Llyme Regis)

81
Q

Case study for coastal management

A

Cuckmere estuary

82
Q

What’s gonna happen in cuckmere? Whose decision?

A

Grazing land will become a salt marsh via managed retreat: farmers supported by environment stewardship scheme
National trust want this as well as salt marsh habitats are rare in England

83
Q

Why is a salt marsh a good option for cuckmere?

A

Cheap

Dissipates the waves energy

Encourages biodiversity

84
Q

Why is salt marsh formation a bad idea for cuckmere?

A

Will flood valuable land

Might lower tourism to area as less footpaths etc

Residents think beauty will be destroyed as there’ll be mudflats by meandering rivers which means they’ll be submerged by monthly tides as they connect to the main channel

85
Q

How would salt marsh creation be compromised for residents?

A

Loss of footpath compensated by new footpath higher up the valley side

Enhanced recreation in east valley : walking, cycling, birdwatching

86
Q

Environmental impacts of rising sea level in the Maldives?

A

Damage of coral reef = no habitat for fish = less fish

Pollution water = dead fish

Loss of wildlife on the land

87
Q

What do environmental agency want in cuckmere? Why?

A

They want shingle to be moved from river to form a spit as a blockade

They believe we should work with natural processes as sea levels will continue to rise which would increase cost of coastal defence

88
Q

Pros and cons of environmental agency cuckmere idea?

A

Cheap
Nice landscape
Homes saved

Spit could be easily damaged by storms

89
Q

What do residents and businesses want in cuckmere? Why? Cons?

A

They want the sea valley maintained because businesses would lose tourists (45000 visitors annually)

Would cost £18 mil

90
Q

What do East Sussex county council want to do? Evaluate?

A

Maintain current conditions to improve and enhance biodiversity

This is cheap

Short term solution = unsustainable approach

91
Q

what industry isn’t possible in the Maldives and why?

A

Farming due to low lying land

92
Q

How has the spartina adapted?

A

Has a double root system which binds mud and anchors

Geog Things (4 decks)

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