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Human Geography > Coastal Zone > Flashcards

Coastal Zone Flashcards

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1
Q

What is weathering

A

The breakdown of rocks in one place

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2
Q

What is erosion

A

Breakdown of rocks that was then carried away

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3
Q

What are tides caused by

A

The magnetic pull of the earth, the moon and the sun

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4
Q

What is the fetch

A

The distance across which the wind blows. The bigger the fetch, the bigger the wave

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5
Q

What factors affect the size of a wave

A
  • How long the wind has been blowing
  • The strength of the wind
  • How far the wind has travelled (the fetch)
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6
Q

What two types of wave reach the coast

A

Constructive and destructive

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7
Q

What does a constructive wave do

A

Build up the beach and dump sand, pebbles on the shore

  • Swash is more powerful than backwash
  • Longer wavelength than wave height
  • Which beach at a rate of eight a minute or less
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8
Q

What is the coastal zone

A

The point where the land meets the sea

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9
Q

What does a destructive wave do

A

It takes material away

  • Greater weight height than wavelength
  • Back wash is stronger than swash
  • Destructive waves reach beach at a rate of 10+ per minute
  • formed by a storm (mainly during winter)
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10
Q

What are the three processes of weathering

A
  • Mechanical or physical weathering
  • Chemical weathering
  • Biological weathering
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11
Q

What is mechanical/physical weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks which doesn’t involve any chemical changes taking place-build up a rock at the bottom of the hill or Cliff is known as scree
E.g. Frost shattering all freeze thaw
Exfoliation/onion peel

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12
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Weathering that involves a chemical change taking place. Breakup of rock involving chemical changes e.g. acid rain or carbonation

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13
Q

What is biological weathering

A

Weathering caused by living organisms e.g. tree roots and borrowing animals

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14
Q

Methods of coastal erosion

A
  • Corrosion/solution
  • Corrasion/abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Hydraulic action
  • Wave pounding
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15
Q

What is corrosion/solution

A
  • Occurs when the seawater is slightly acidic and reacts with dissolved rocks e.g. limestone, chocolates
  • Sea water becomes acidic from the CO2 being dissolved from the air, fish, seaweed and algae…
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16
Q

What is corrasion/abrasion

A
  • Caused by wearing away of rocks being flung at the cliff face
  • During storms huge quantities of rocks will be thrown at/where down the cliffs
17
Q

What is attrition

A
  • Pebbles in waves constantly knock against each other

- Gives fairly smooth and around rocks

18
Q

What is hydraulic action

A
  • As waves hit the cliffs, water is forced into little cracks, displacing/pushing the water the back.
  • When the wave retreats the air expands(pops) to fill the space, therefore sending out a little soundwaves (vibrations)
  • if this happens thousands of times a day, it can cause the rock to disintegrate
19
Q

What is wave pounding

A

Sheer force of the water hit in the cliff. Greatest force in storms

20
Q

What coastal features are formed as a result of erosion

A
  • Headlands/bays
  • Cliffs, undercutting/wave cut notch
  • Caves
  • Arches
  • Stacks, stamps, Reefs
  • Wave cut platform
21
Q

What is differential erosion

A
  • Takes place at different rates on the coast as there are different types of rocks
  • this means there will be different times of the erosion-soft rocks get a eroded first
  • Hard rock forms headlines
  • Soft rock forms bays
22
Q

Give me two examples of cliffs

A
  • White Cliffs of Dover

- Seven sisters in Suffolk

23
Q

Give me two examples of wave cut platform

A
  • Birling Gap, Sussex

- Robin Hood Bay, Yorkshire

24
Q

What happened at Barton on Sea

A

In 2008 the cliffs collapsed as a result of sliding and rotational slumping

25
Q

What happened at Holbeck Hall

A

In 1993 a rotational landslide involving about 1 million tons of glacial till cut back the cliff by 70 m

26
Q

What is hard engineering

A

Building up artificial structures such as seawalls aimed at controlling natural processes

  • very expensive
  • Must be a high population/high value of land behind
  • Review and repair needed
27
Q

What is soft engineering

A

A sustainable approach to managing the coast with out using artificial structures e.g. Dune regeneration, marsh creation and beach nourishment

  • cheaper
  • Natural protection
  • Small-scale
  • more review and repair needed then hard engineering
28
Q

Where is the beach nourishment example

A

Seaford head, Bournemouth. Eastbourne, Sussex

29
Q

Give examples of where Dune regeneration is

A

Mullaghmore, Republic of Ireland

30
Q

Give an example of where Marsh creation/managed retreat is

A

Abbotts Hall farm, Essex

31
Q

Give an example of where a sea wall is in place

A

Torcross, Devon

32
Q

Give an example where groynes are in place

A

Walton on naze

33
Q

Give an example where Rock armour is in place

A

Slapton beach, Devon

34
Q

Give an example of gabions

A

Slapton beach

35
Q

Give example of tetra pods and where they are found

A

Scarborough, Yorkshire

36
Q

Give an example of a managed retreat

A

Cuckmere haven, East Sussex

37
Q

Give example of where they have recently spent a lot of money on improving costal defences

A

North Coast of Sussex at mine head

38
Q

Give an example of some saltmarshes

A

Keyhaven marshes in Hampshire

Human Geography (2 decks)

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