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geography > coastal systems and landsapes > Flashcards

coastal systems and landsapes Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a closed system

A

a closed system is a input,transfer and output of energy but not matter.

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2
Q

what is an open system

A

input transfer and output of energy and matter

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3
Q

what is negative feedback

A

Negative feedback is when a system acts by lessening the effect of the original change and ultimately reversing it.

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4
Q

what is posotive feedback

A

positive feedback occcurs within a system where a change causes a snowball effect.

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5
Q

how is wind created

A

an area of high pressure air to low pressure air.

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6
Q

what is prevailing wind

A

prevailing wind is the direection from which the wind most commonly blows.

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7
Q

what is fetch

A

distance whihc wind blows over open water without being hit by land obstacles.

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8
Q

constructive waves characteristics

A

weather systems in the open water generate waves
long wavelength and wave period
low frequency

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9
Q

destructive waves

A

local storms are responsible for creating them
wavelength and wave period are short
wave frequency high

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10
Q

what is wave refraction

A

when a wave bends around a headland

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11
Q

what are tides

A

tides are the gravitational pull of the sea from the moon and sun.

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12
Q

what is the maximium tidal range

A

spring tides(moon and sun lined up)

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13
Q

what is the minimum tidal range

A

neap tides(when the moon and sun are at a right angle to one another)

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14
Q

how are waves formed

A

wind blowing over the sea
causes water to move in ripples
as waves approach shore they gain a circular orbit due to friction.
friction slows and steepens wave until it topples over.

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15
Q

what is a positive sediment budget

A

when there are more inputs of sediment than outputs

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16
Q

what is a negative sediment budget

A

a negative sediment budget is when there are more outputs of sediment than inputs

17
Q

mass movement

A

the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity.

18
Q

run-off

A

all of the water that enters a river channel and eventually flows out the drainage basin.

19
Q

marine(water) and aeolian(wind) deposition

A

occurs when the velocity of wind or water decreases until it can no longer carry the sediment.

20
Q

describe soil creep

A

very slow
soil particles move down slope under gravity
caused by wetting and drying

21
Q

describe mudflow

A

earth of mud flowing downhill usually over weak bedrock
often after heavy rainfall
water gets trapped increasing pore pressure
sudden and fast flowing so could be hazaard

22
Q

describe landslide

A

block of rock moving suddenly downhill
materially in landslide largely intact(big blocks)
triggered by earthquake or heavy rainfall
slip surface become lubricated

23
Q

describe a rock fall

A

sudden collapse of individual rock fragments at a cliff force
steep cliffs
mechanical weathering or earthquake
scree at bottom cliff-temporary store

24
Q

describe a slump

A

the way it slides is curved
unconsolidated sands or clays
permeable rock overlays impermeable rock increasing pore pressure
clear sharp break

25
Q

hydraulic action

A

when waves crash against the cliffs and little air pubbles from the ocean get into the tiny vracks into the rocks and the pressure expands them weakening the cliff

26
Q

corrasion

A

sand and pebbles hurled against the cliff

27
Q

abrasion

A

known as sandpapering affect
dragged up and down the wave cut platform with swash and backwash

28
Q

attrition

A

the gradual wearing down of rock particles

29
Q

wave quarring

A

removal of rocks and debris off a wave cut platform.

30
Q

soloution

A

weak acid in the seawater can dissolve alkaline rocks

31
Q

mechanical weathering defintion

A

involves the break up of rocks without any chemical changes taking place.

32
Q

biological weathering definition

A

the breakdown of rocks by organic activity.

33
Q

chemical weathering definition

A

involves a chemical reaction where salts may be dissolved.

34
Q

what is traction

A

large stones and boulders are rolled along the seabed.
happens in high energy environemnts

35
Q

what is suspension

A

very small particles that are pricked up and carried by water.
large amounts of load can make the water look murky

36
Q

what is saltation

A

small stones bounce along beach
when one stone lands it helps another stone jump forward from the impact of the landing.

37
Q

what is solution

A

dissolved materials are transported within the mass of moving water

geography (2 decks)

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