Coastal Processe Are A Vitak Context For Human Acrivity

Question 1

6 positive impacts of coastal processes on human activity

Answer 1

Recreation/tourism - leisure pursuits and coastal landscapes
Residential - people want to live there
Job opportunities - eu estimates 3.2m people have jobs, €183 billion in coastal tourism
Agriculture - tidal mudflats drained
Industry - rias provide deep water ports. Eg Milford haven wales has a depth of 17 even at low tide
Transportation - rias allow deep vessels to travel inland

Question 2

Why are tourist attracted to the coastal zone?

Answer 2

Natural features- scenery eg Pembrokeshire coast natural park, Spanish costas, warm seas, surfing, ecosystems eg great barrier for snorkelling, fossils for Jurassic coast
Deep water ports suitable for cruises
Rebranding and marketing by coastal resorts - eg brighton rebranding, Blackpool redevelopment
To visit places seen in tv or film

Question 3

How much was seaside tourism worth in England in 2016?

Answer 3

£8 billion

Question 4

4 Positive Impacts of tourism at the coastal zone

Answer 4

Development of services and infrastructure - Benidorm in 1960s
Large number of jobs created
People make a living providing for tourists
Money earns locally is spent locally creating a multiplier effect

Question 5

8 Negative impacts from tourism at the coastal zone

Answer 5

Footpath erosion -durdle door Dorset 200,000 ppl, eroded down 30cm
Damage to ecosystems - forest cleared
Unsustainable demand for water
Infrastructure overload 
Second homes banned eg st ives Cornwall 
Closed seasonal shops 
Reliance on one economic activity 
Cruise ship pollution

Question 6

4 negative impacts of coastal processes on human activity

Answer 6

Rapid mass movement events eg cliff collapse may kill but are rare.
Coastal erosion causes damage or loss of buildings eg 113,000 residential and 9000 commercial properties at risk
Loss of beach sediment means less tourists and less income
Low lying areas vulnerable to flooding

Question 7

What are the 5 coastal management strategies?

Answer 7

Do nothing
Managed retreat or realignment 
Hold the line
Advance the line
Limited intervention

Question 8

What is do nothing?

Answer 8

Allows natural processes such as coastal erosion to continue

Question 9

What is managed retreat or realignment?

Answer 9

Allows the shoreline to move inland by erosion or flooding to a new line of defence

Question 10

What is hold the line?

Answer 10

The present shoreline is protected by a variety of hard and soft engineering solutions

Question 11

What is advance the line?

Answer 11

The shoreline is moved seawards either using hard engineering structures or by encouraging sand dune growth

Question 12

What is limited intervention?

Answer 12

Deals with the problem to some extent for example by encouraging the growth of salt marsh or sand dunes that reduce the impact of wave energy. It can also involve raising buildings to cope with flooding due to rising sea levels.

Question 13

What is feasibility?

Answer 13

Considers the technical aspects

Question 14

What is cost benefit analysis?

Answer 14

Divides the value of benefits (eg property protection and employment) by costs (eg capital building costs and maintenance)
Benefits should outweigh costs

Question 15

What is environmental impact analysis?

Answer 15

Considers effects on the environment such as changes to sediment flows in the immediate area and further along the coast

Question 16

What is risk assessment?

Answer 16

Considers factors such as the recurrence intervals of storms. What strategy is designed to prevent and how long it should last.

Question 17

What are sea walls?

Answer 17

H

Concrete structures at the cliff foot to absorb wave energy

Question 18

What is Rip rap or rock armour.

Answer 18

H

Large rocks to absorb wave energy

Question 19

What are revetments?

Answer 19

H

Wooden or concrete structures that absorb wave energy while allowing some flow of sediment

Question 20

What are gabion cages?

Answer 20

H

Steel cages filled with small rocks to add strength to a coastline

Question 21

What are groynes?

Answer 21

H

Wooden structures jutting into the sea to trap longshore drift

Question 22

What is drainage?

Answer 22

H

Drains in cliffs to remove water and thus prevent landslips

Question 23

What is offshore bars ?

Answer 23

H

Islands of boulders offshore to absorb the forces of the waves before they reach land

Question 24

What is rock bund?

Answer 24

H

A row of rocks along a beach

Question 25

What is beach nourishment / replenishment ?

Answer 25

S

Sand or shingle is added extending the beach or replacing eroded material

Question 26

What is beach reprofiling?

Answer 26

S

Beach shape is changed to absorb more energy reducing erosion

Question 27

What is beach recycling?

Answer 27

S

Sediment is moved along the beach to counteract longshore drift

Question 28

What is fencing/hedging?

Answer 28

S

Preserves beaches or dunes by reducing the amount of sand blown away

Question 29

What is replanting vegetation?

Answer 29

S

Planting grasses or salt resistant plants to stabilise areas reducing erosion

Question 30

What is cliff profiling.

Answer 30

S

Reducing the cliff angle making the cliffs more stable