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Physical geography > Coastal management > Flashcards

Coastal management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

soft engineering strategy

  • sediment is taken from offshore sources to build up the existing beach
  • widens beach which works as a buffer for oncoming waves so less erosion
  • can replace sediment lost eg. through storm surges
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2
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

advantages
- leads to lower rates of erosion - protects cliffs behind
- increases tourist potential
- cost effective and natural looking

disadvantages
- needs constant maintenance
- dredging (removal of sediment from elsewhere) has consequences on habitats and can lead to erosion elsewhere

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3
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

soft engineering strategy

  • controlled flooding of low-lying coastal areas
  • usually in areas at high risk of erosion
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4
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of managed retreat?

A

advantages
- cheap compared to paying for sea defences
- creates a saltmarsh which provides habitats and a diverse ecosystem
- saltmarsh can act as a natural defence against flooding and erosion

disadvantages
- land lost as it is reclaimed by the sea
- landowners need to be compensated which is expensive

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5
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing nothing?

A
  • leaves the coastline as it is without putting in place any coastal management strategies, leaving the area to be flooded and eroded (usually because it is not of economic value)
  • no money spent on defences
  • landowners need to be compensated
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6
Q

What is dune regeneration/mangrove planting?

A

soft engineering strategy

  • planting specific plants such as mangroves or marram grass which has a large frictional area, causing sand to be deposited
  • marram grass has long roots which stabilises dunes
  • dissipate wave energy to prevent flooding and erosion
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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration?

A

advantages
- maintains natural environment
- provides wildlife habitats
- relatively cheap and sustainable
- stabilises fragile dunes

disadvantages
- time consuming
- easily damaged by people
- people must be kept off certain areas, may reduce tourism

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8
Q

What is rock armour?

A

hard engineering strategy

  • large boulders placed at the foot of cliffs
  • dissipate wave energy by absorbing impact of waves and permeable which allows water and sediment to pass through
  • protect cliffs from undercutting
  • approx £3000/metre
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9
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of rock armour?

A

advantages
- cheap to install and maintain
- natural looking
- prevents erosion of cliffs

disadvantages
- dangerous access to beach
- increased costs when rock is transported or imported great distances

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10
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

hard engineering strategy

  • concrete/rock barriers built along the front of cliffs
  • they are often recurved at the top so wave energy is reflected back on itself
  • modern sea walls designed to dissipate not reflect wave energy
  • approx £4000/metre
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11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sea walls?

A

advantages
- good defence where energy is high
- long life span
- storm drains so water can flow back out to sea

disadvantages
- expensive to build/maintain
- can effect beach access
- recurved top can increase beach erosion by scouring the base

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12
Q

What are groynes?

A

hard engineering strategy

  • timber or rock ‘fences’ built out to sea at right angles to the coast
  • trap sediment being moved along the shoreline by LSD which widens beach
  • wide beach acts as a buffer to oncoming waves to absorb energy
  • approx £5000/metre
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13
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of groynes?

A

advantages
- cheap
- retain wide and sandy beaches so wave energy is absorbed - prevents erosion
- do not effect beach access

disadvantages
- visually unappealing
- deprives areas down the coastline of sediment which shifts the problem rather than solving it

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14
Q

What are revetments?

A

Hard engineering strategy

  • timber/rock fences with open slats placed parallel to the coastline
  • absorb wave energy allowing water and sediment to pass through, trapping sediment to build up the beach
  • approx £2000/m
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15
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of revetments?

A

advantages
- less beach material eroded
- wave scour prevented
- cheaper and less intrusive than other strategies

disadvantages
- short life span
- unsuitable when wave energy is high
- access problems

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16
Q

What are gabions?

A

Hard engineering strategy

  • rocks and boulders encased in wired mesh
  • absorb energy from waves and allow water and sediment to pass through
  • approx £100/m
17
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gabions?

A

advantages
- cheap and efficient
- uses local materials

disadvantages
- short life span
- wires can break and cause injury
- visually unappealing

18
Q

What is an estuary barrage?

A

Hard engineering strategy

  • acts as a dam across an estuary to prevent flooding and creating freshwater lakes behind them
  • can be controlled to open or close depending on sea conditions
  • £30 billion each
  • eg. Thames barrier
19
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of estuary barrages?

A

advantages
- protect large areas
- very effective
- long life spans

disadvantages
- very expensive to build and maintain
- huge environmental impacts on mudflat areas
- negative impacts on tourism industry

20
Q

What are SMP’s?

A

Shoreline management plans

  • uses a combination of approaches that aim to be cost-effective and long lasting including soft and hard engineering strategies
  • the overall plan aims to be sustainable economically, socially and environmentally
  • 20 SMP’s in the UK
21
Q

What 3 strategies do SMP’s use?

A

hold the line - strengthen/maintain existing defences

no active intervention - natural processes operate without human intervention

managed realignment - deliberate flooding of previously protected areas. Saltmarshes and mudflats can then trap sediment and create natural and diverse defences and ecosystems

22
Q

What is an ICZM?

A

Integrated coastal zone management plan

  • contributes to the sustainable development of coastal zones by the application of an approach that respects the limits of natural resources and ecosystems ‘ecosystem based approach’
  • designed to integrate views and interests of all stakeholders and coordinate policies affecting coastal zones eg. fishing/industry
23
Q

What are the sustainable features of SMP’s and ICZMs

A
  • holistic view
  • conserve biodiversity
  • work with the environment using nature-based solutions
  • long term
  • good for locals
  • resource efficient - locally sourced
  • planned well to protect against sea level rise

Physical geography (13 decks)

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