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Geog Coast BK 5 Management > Coastal Management > Flashcards

Coastal Management Flashcards

1
Q

what are some social reasons to protect the coast

A

people aren’t displaced
homes, villages and towns aren’t flooded
transport isn’t disrupted
communities won’t be broken uo

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2
Q

what are some economic reasons to protect the coast

A

people won’t loose their jobs
businesses/industry are less likely to be flooded
lack of tourism

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3
Q

what are some environmental reasons to protect the coast

A

cliffs aren’t eroded so habitats aren’t damaged
reduced the effect of erosion and natural processes like tsunamis
agricultural land may be destroyed
too much salt water in soil can make it infertile

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4
Q

what are two political reasons to protect the coast

A

local authorities may not be able to rehouse or find damage from natural processes
government not protecting transport from the sea

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5
Q

what is conducted before a decision is made about whether or not to construct sea defences in a location

A

a cost benefit analysis

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6
Q

what are the two strategies used to protect the coast

A

soft engineering
hard engineering

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7
Q

define hard engineering

A

a human strategy where something is built to protect the coast, usually made from concrete or wood

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8
Q

define soft engineering

A

using natural systems for coastal defence which absorbs and adjusts to wave tide and energy

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9
Q

what are the 9 types of hard engineering

A

sea walls
groynes
tetrapods
barrages
rock armour
gabions
reventments
cliff fixing/pinning
offshore reefs

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10
Q

describe sea walls and what they are effective at

A

usually concrete curved concrete walls which reflect waves back out to sea
they are effective as they help dissipate wave energy, and they have drain outlets so water isn’t trapped inland

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11
Q

are sea walls expensive

A

yes, around £5000-£10000 per meter

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12
Q

describe the maintenance fees for sea walls

A

medium maintenance cost compared to other engineering strategies

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13
Q

where is an example within the UK where sea walls can be found

A

Newton Cove, Weymouth

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14
Q

describe rock armour and it’s effectiveness

A

large boulders or rocks placed at the bottom of cliffs or on a beach to reduce erosion, they’re effective as they easily absorb wave energy and gaps in the rock allow water to percolate

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15
Q

is rock armour expensive

A

yes, £1350-£6000+ per meter

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16
Q

describe the maintenance cost of rock armour

A

fairly low compared to other strategies

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17
Q

what is a disadvantage of rock armour

A

the boulders/rock are difficult to transport

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18
Q

where is an example in the UK of where rock armour is found

A

Highcliffe area, new hampshire

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19
Q

describe groynes and their effectiveness

A

usually metal or contrete barrier that sticks out to sea to reduce processes like longshore drift, they are effective at reducing scouring at the beach and can dissipate wave energy well

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20
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of groynes

A

unattractive and expensive to build and maintain

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21
Q

how costly can groynes be

A

up to £2 million per km

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22
Q

where is an example in the Uk of where to find groynes

A

Dorsey and West Hampshire coastline

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23
Q

what are revetments

A

sloping structures built on embankments or shorelines, along the base of cliffs, or in front of sea walls to absorb and dissipate the energy of waves in order to reduce coastal erosion.

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24
Q

name a location of where revetments used to be found within 1975

A

Barton on sea

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25
Q

how expensive are revetments

A

£600-£2850 per meter

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26
Q

what are some disadvantages of revetments

A

they aren’t very strong compared to rock armour etc, they aren’t visually appealing and can make some parts of a beach inaccessible

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27
Q

what are gabions and how effective are they

A

wire cages of rock, which absorb wave energy which in turn means less erosion as water can also percolate through the rock

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28
Q

how expensive are gabions and what is their maintenance like

A

they are fairly cheap, however they can wear away fast and have to be replaced regularly

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29
Q

name an example of where gabions can be found

A

the Tombolo at Chesil beach

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30
Q

what are tetrapods

A

is a form of wave-dissipating concrete block used to prevent erosion, and use a tetrahedral shape to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against them, and to reduce displacement by interlocking

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31
Q

what are some advantages of tetrapods

A

they remain stable in extreme conditions and dissipate wave energy, their interlocking feature

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32
Q

what are some examples of disadvantages of tetrapods

A

they can make beach accessibility hard, not attractive for tourists and are expensive to buy and transport

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33
Q

where can tetrapods be found

A

Llanddulas, North Wales

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34
Q

what is cliff fixing/pinning

A

involves bolting unstable rock faces to increase cohesion and stability and prevent slippage, using metallic bolts, tie-rods, steel soil nails driven horizontally into the cliff. It reduces mass movements and thus reduces net erosion rates.

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35
Q

what are some advantages of cliff pinning

A

stabilise the cliff and other loose rock
absorb wave power which reduces erosion

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36
Q

what are some disadvantages of cliff pinning

A

they can destroy habitats
they’re unattractive
expensive to transport

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37
Q

what are offshore reefs/breakwaters

A

an offshore shore-parallel structure that “breaks” waves, reducing the wave energy reaching the beach and fostering sediment accretion between the beach and the breakwater

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38
Q

what sort of materials can be sunk to create breakwaters

A

tires or ships

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39
Q

what’s the cost of offshore reefs/breakwaters

A

high, but they have a medium maintenance cost

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40
Q

what is a major disadvantage of offshore reefs/breakwaters

A

they may be moved it destroyed by storms

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41
Q

what’s an example of where offshore reefs/breakwaters can be found

A

Sea Palling, Norfolk

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42
Q

what are barrages

A

an artificial barrier across a river or estuary to prevent flooding, aid irrigation or navigation, or to generate electricity by tidal power.

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43
Q

how effective are barrages

A

very effective as they prevent major flooding, they can regulate water flow and can sometimes control sediment that passes through

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44
Q

how expensive are barrages

A

extremely, over £1 million

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45
Q

what are some disadvantages of barrages

A

very expensive, can disrupt life cycles of marine life and can be visually unappealing

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46
Q

what’s an example of a barrage

A

Tees barrage, Teeside

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47
Q

what is beach nourishment/replenishment

A

a process by which sediment, usually sand, lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from other sources.

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48
Q

what’s the cost of beach nourishment

A

£350-£6450 and have a medium maintenance cost

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49
Q

what are some advantages of beach nourishment

A

natural defence to erosion and flooding, the beach will continue to attract tourism and it has a low environmental impact

50
Q

what are some disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

constant maintenance to replace beach material, replaced sand could still be displaced or eroded, difficulty sourcing the material

51
Q

what is an example of where beach nourishment has been found

A

East of Barton on sea

52
Q

define beach regrading

A

stabilizes a severely eroded dune by borrowing sand from the beach and placing the beach sand on the eroded dune.

53
Q

what’s the cost of beach regrading like

A

moderately cheap as you only have to move material, but it has a high maintenance cost

54
Q

what are some advantages of beach regrading

A

cheap defence option, reduces wave energy and erosion, the beach still looks natural

55
Q

what are some disadvantages of beach regrading

A

needs to be done very frequently, will only work well when wave energy is low

56
Q

what’s an example of where beach regrading is found

A

Ringstead Bay, Forset

57
Q

what is cliff regrading

A

where the gradient of the cliff is reduced so that damage of costal erosion is reduced as the destructive waves with just go up the cliff and just back again.

58
Q

what is the cost of cliff regrading like

A

medium expense, vehicles may be costly to hire

59
Q

what are some advantages of cliff regrading

A

the cliff becomes more stable and less vulnerable to mass movement

60
Q

what are some disadvantages of cliff regrading

A

impractical if there is valuable land use ontop of the cliff, some buildings may have to be demolished

61
Q

what is an example of where cliff regrading is found

A

Durlston Head

62
Q

what is dune regeneration

A

action taken to build up dunes and increase vegetation to strengthen dunes and prevent excessive coastal retreat

63
Q

describe the cost of dune regeneration

A

cheap, low cost only have to plant vegetation and provide board walks for people

64
Q

what are the advantages of dune regeneration

A

cheap, absorb wave energy which reduces erosion , maintains natural beach look, educates people on protecting the coastline

65
Q

what are some disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

some dunes or sections of the beach may be restricted, some dunes or vegetation may be damaged in adverse weather or storm waves

66
Q

where is an example of dune regeneration in the Uk

A

Fylde, Lancashire

67
Q

what is cliff drainage

A

eliminating surface run off and infiltration on the slope, by creating ditches or by introducing pipes into the cliff face

68
Q

what’s the cost of cliff drainage like

A

very expensive, £1 million per 100 metres

69
Q

what are some advantages of cliff drainage

A

no build up of saturated clays and material, pipes are hidden, prevents the risk of mass movement

70
Q

what are some disadvantages of cliff drainage

A

beach may be hard to access during construction, cliffs can still be eroded and undercut, cliff may become too dry and break apart

71
Q

where’s a UK example of cliff drainage

A

barton on sea

72
Q

what is a living shoreline barrier

A

a protected, stabilised coastal edge made of natural materials such as plants sand or rock

73
Q

what’s the cost of living shoreline barriers

A

very cheap, £100 per foot

74
Q

what are some advantages of living shoreline barriers

A

protects coastline from erosion, provides habitats, attracts natural wildlife so becomes more stable over time

75
Q

what are some disadvantages of living shoreline barriers over time

A

may not be good enough to cope in high energy coastlines, many shorelines are already hardened so many not be suitable

76
Q

where’s an example of a living shoreline barrier

A

Concordia University shoreline

77
Q

what is land use management

A

the process of regulating the use of land by a central authority

78
Q

what’s the cost of land use management like

A

can be expensive to relocate buildings, people and infrastructure

79
Q

what are the advantages of land use management

A

valuable land can be protected, less impact of flooding and erosion, most land uses can be relocated easily e.g caravan parks

80
Q

what are the disadvantages of land use management

A

people may not want to move or relocate, some previous land use may not be able to move, may break up communities

81
Q

what type of countries favour hard engineering strategies in the 18th century’s

A

MEDCs

82
Q

what are two reason why MEDCs are turning to favour soft engineering strategies more

A

increasing cost of coastal defences and the environmental impacts of hard engineering

83
Q

what’s the agency called that is responsible for implementing coastal management in the UK

A

The Environment Agency

84
Q

who is the Evironment agency funded by

A

DEFRA
The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

85
Q

what’s an example of a opposition in the move towards soft engineering and managed retreat

A

The national farmers union would prefer continuation of hard engineering to prevent erosion of their farmland

86
Q

what is a shoreline management plan (SMP)

A

a plan for managing flood and erosion risk for a particular stretch of shoreline at the immediate, medium and long term

87
Q

how many SMPs are along englands coastline

A

22

88
Q

what’s the main aim of SMPs

A

to develop a sustainable management approach for the shoreline that takes into account the key issues and achieves the best possible balance of all the values and features that occur around the shoreline over the next 100years

89
Q

what are the 4 priorities devised from SMPs

A

hold the line
advance the line
retreat the line
do nothing

90
Q

where’s an example in the UK of where an SMP is found

A

Hampshire

91
Q

what’s the SMP measure mostly along barton on sea

A

managed retreat and no intervention (do nothing)

92
Q

what is another way of saying retreat the line

A

managed retreat or managed realignment

93
Q

where does managed retreat tend to happen

A

in low land environment ks

94
Q

why is managed retreat controversial

A

it involves sacrificing land to the sea and abandoning existing sea defences

95
Q

what are some advantages of managed retreat

A

new intertidal areas are created to absorb wave energy
the establishment of new habitats for wildlife
less money spend on trying to maintain existing defences

96
Q

what are some disadvantages of managed retreat

A

the loss of farmland, recreational facilities such as caravan sites and sometimes settlements

97
Q

describe where mappleton is

A

Close to the north sea, in east yorkshire

98
Q

what is the policy of the SMP on mappletons coast

A

no active intervention with hold the line along mappletons coast

99
Q

what’s an advantage of additional protection at mappleton

A

the community will be more protected from erosion/flooding so people aren’t displaced and roads aren’t destroyed

100
Q

what’s a disadvantage of adding additional protection at mappleton

A

sea defences will trap sediment so the beach can’t build up at great cowden which in turn allows for more erosion as wave energy isn’t dissipated

101
Q

what does ICZM stand for

A

Interested Coastal Zone Management

102
Q

is a ICZM on a larger or smaller scale than an SMP

A

larger

103
Q

what is an ICZM

A

a process which requires the adoption of a joined up and participative approach towards the planning and management of the many different elements in coastal areas

104
Q

what are some key principals that should guide all partners in implementing an inter grated approach

A

a long term view
adaptive management
working with natural processes
reflecting on local characteristics

105
Q

what’s the fundimental goal of an ICZM

A

to maintain, restore or improve the quality of coastal ecosystems and the societies they support

106
Q

what are the differences between ICZMs and SMPs

A

SMPs only protect the coastline whereas ICZMs protect the whole coastal zone
ICZM have many stakeholders involved
ICZMs include many strategies but SMPs usually only include hard or soft engineering

107
Q

define sustainability

A

something that’s good for the environment and can take place for a long period of time, it meets the need the people today without jeopardising those of the future

108
Q

what 4 sections can sustainability be divided into

A

economic
ecology/environmental
political
cultural/social

109
Q

what’s a stakeholder in a ICZM

A

a person or group interested in the coast

110
Q

what are some examples of stakeholders at the coast

A

wildlife
fishermen
locals
farmers
tourists/general public

111
Q

why can it be difficult to balance all the needs of all stakeholders at the coast

A

all stakeholders aren’t going to agree completely meaning conflict may arise

112
Q

where is canvey island

A

a low lying area on the north side of the thames estuary

113
Q

how low can the land be at canvey island

A

1m above sea level

114
Q

what hard engineering strategies are found at canvey island

A

6m high sea walls

115
Q

why is there fear over sea level rise at canvey island

A

isostatic rebound means that the land surrounding the thames estuary is sinking at the rate of 1.5mm/yr

116
Q

what are some figures relating to canvey island and sea level rise

A

by 2100 it’s anticipated that land level will be 12cm lower than today
eustatic sea level rise is resulting from thermal expansion, and will cause the sea to rise by 3mm per year

117
Q

how many people are said to be at risk from overtopping of current sea defences at canvey island

A

40,000

118
Q

what’s the Thames Estuary plan 2100

A

a plan proposed maintaining and improving current defences, with community havens being introduced on higher land

119
Q

what strategies are part of the thames estuary plan

A

relocating vulnerable mobile homes, camp sites and single story developments
marshlands west of the area may need to be subject to managed retreat

120
Q

what do these strategies focus on, and what do they not focus on

A

focus on adaptation
don’t focus on mitigation

Geog Coast BK 5 Management (1 decks)

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