Coastal Management Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
what are some social reasons to protect the coast
A
people aren’t displaced
homes, villages and towns aren’t flooded
transport isn’t disrupted
communities won’t be broken uo
2
Q
what are some economic reasons to protect the coast
A
people won’t loose their jobs
businesses/industry are less likely to be flooded
lack of tourism
3
Q
what are some environmental reasons to protect the coast
A
cliffs aren’t eroded so habitats aren’t damaged
reduced the effect of erosion and natural processes like tsunamis
agricultural land may be destroyed
too much salt water in soil can make it infertile
4
Q
what are two political reasons to protect the coast
A
local authorities may not be able to rehouse or find damage from natural processes
government not protecting transport from the sea
5
Q
what is conducted before a decision is made about whether or not to construct sea defences in a location
A
a cost benefit analysis
6
Q
what are the two strategies used to protect the coast
A
soft engineering
hard engineering
7
Q
define hard engineering
A
a human strategy where something is built to protect the coast, usually made from concrete or wood
8
Q
define soft engineering
A
using natural systems for coastal defence which absorbs and adjusts to wave tide and energy
9
Q
what are the 9 types of hard engineering
A
sea walls
groynes
tetrapods
barrages
rock armour
gabions
reventments
cliff fixing/pinning
offshore reefs
10
Q
describe sea walls and what they are effective at
A
usually concrete curved concrete walls which reflect waves back out to sea
they are effective as they help dissipate wave energy, and they have drain outlets so water isn’t trapped inland
11
Q
are sea walls expensive
A
yes, around £5000-£10000 per meter
12
Q
describe the maintenance fees for sea walls
A
medium maintenance cost compared to other engineering strategies
13
Q
where is an example within the UK where sea walls can be found
A
Newton Cove, Weymouth
14
Q
describe rock armour and it’s effectiveness
A
large boulders or rocks placed at the bottom of cliffs or on a beach to reduce erosion, they’re effective as they easily absorb wave energy and gaps in the rock allow water to percolate
15
Q
is rock armour expensive
A
yes, £1350-£6000+ per meter
16
Q
describe the maintenance cost of rock armour
A
fairly low compared to other strategies
17
Q
what is a disadvantage of rock armour
A
the boulders/rock are difficult to transport
18
Q
where is an example in the UK of where rock armour is found
A
Highcliffe area, new hampshire
19
Q
describe groynes and their effectiveness
A
usually metal or contrete barrier that sticks out to sea to reduce processes like longshore drift, they are effective at reducing scouring at the beach and can dissipate wave energy well
20
Q
what are 2 disadvantages of groynes
A
unattractive and expensive to build and maintain
21
Q
how costly can groynes be
A
up to £2 million per km
22
Q
where is an example in the Uk of where to find groynes
A
Dorsey and West Hampshire coastline
23
Q
what are revetments
A
sloping structures built on embankments or shorelines, along the base of cliffs, or in front of sea walls to absorb and dissipate the energy of waves in order to reduce coastal erosion.
24
Q
name a location of where revetments used to be found within 1975
A
Barton on sea
25
how expensive are revetments
£600-£2850 per meter
26
what are some disadvantages of revetments
they aren’t very strong compared to rock armour etc, they aren’t visually appealing and can make some parts of a beach inaccessible
27
what are gabions and how effective are they
wire cages of rock, which absorb wave energy which in turn means less erosion as water can also percolate through the rock
28
how expensive are gabions and what is their maintenance like
they are fairly cheap, however they can wear away fast and have to be replaced regularly
29
name an example of where gabions can be found
the Tombolo at Chesil beach
30
what are tetrapods
is a form of wave-dissipating concrete block used to prevent erosion, and use a tetrahedral shape to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against them, and to reduce displacement by interlocking
31
what are some advantages of tetrapods
they remain stable in extreme conditions and dissipate wave energy, their interlocking feature
32
what are some examples of disadvantages of tetrapods
they can make beach accessibility hard, not attractive for tourists and are expensive to buy and transport
33
where can tetrapods be found
Llanddulas, North Wales
34
what is cliff fixing/pinning
involves bolting unstable rock faces to increase cohesion and stability and prevent slippage, using metallic bolts, tie-rods, steel soil nails driven horizontally into the cliff. It reduces mass movements and thus reduces net erosion rates.
35
what are some advantages of cliff pinning
stabilise the cliff and other loose rock
absorb wave power which reduces erosion
36
what are some disadvantages of cliff pinning
they can destroy habitats
they’re unattractive
expensive to transport
37
what are offshore reefs/breakwaters
an offshore shore-parallel structure that “breaks” waves, reducing the wave energy reaching the beach and fostering sediment accretion between the beach and the breakwater
38
what sort of materials can be sunk to create breakwaters
tires or ships
39
what’s the cost of offshore reefs/breakwaters
high, but they have a medium maintenance cost
40
what is a major disadvantage of offshore reefs/breakwaters
they may be moved it destroyed by storms
41
what’s an example of where offshore reefs/breakwaters can be found
Sea Palling, Norfolk
42
what are barrages
an artificial barrier across a river or estuary to prevent flooding, aid irrigation or navigation, or to generate electricity by tidal power.
43
how effective are barrages
very effective as they prevent major flooding, they can regulate water flow and can sometimes control sediment that passes through
44
how expensive are barrages
extremely, over £1 million
45
what are some disadvantages of barrages
very expensive, can disrupt life cycles of marine life and can be visually unappealing
46
what’s an example of a barrage
Tees barrage, Teeside
47
what is beach nourishment/replenishment
a process by which sediment, usually sand, lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from other sources.
48
what’s the cost of beach nourishment
£350-£6450 and have a medium maintenance cost
49
what are some advantages of beach nourishment
natural defence to erosion and flooding, the beach will continue to attract tourism and it has a low environmental impact
50
what are some disadvantages of beach nourishment
constant maintenance to replace beach material, replaced sand could still be displaced or eroded, difficulty sourcing the material
51
what is an example of where beach nourishment has been found
East of Barton on sea
52
define beach regrading
stabilizes a severely eroded dune by borrowing sand from the beach and placing the beach sand on the eroded dune.
53
what’s the cost of beach regrading like
moderately cheap as you only have to move material, but it has a high maintenance cost
54
what are some advantages of beach regrading
cheap defence option, reduces wave energy and erosion, the beach still looks natural
55
what are some disadvantages of beach regrading
needs to be done very frequently, will only work well when wave energy is low
56
what’s an example of where beach regrading is found
Ringstead Bay, Forset
57
what is cliff regrading
where the gradient of the cliff is reduced so that damage of costal erosion is reduced as the destructive waves with just go up the cliff and just back again.
58
what is the cost of cliff regrading like
medium expense, vehicles may be costly to hire
59
what are some advantages of cliff regrading
the cliff becomes more stable and less vulnerable to mass movement
60
what are some disadvantages of cliff regrading
impractical if there is valuable land use ontop of the cliff, some buildings may have to be demolished
61
what is an example of where cliff regrading is found
Durlston Head
62
what is dune regeneration
action taken to build up dunes and increase vegetation to strengthen dunes and prevent excessive coastal retreat
63
describe the cost of dune regeneration
cheap, low cost only have to plant vegetation and provide board walks for people
64
what are the advantages of dune regeneration
cheap, absorb wave energy which reduces erosion , maintains natural beach look, educates people on protecting the coastline
65
what are some disadvantages of dune regeneration
some dunes or sections of the beach may be restricted, some dunes or vegetation may be damaged in adverse weather or storm waves
66
where is an example of dune regeneration in the Uk
Fylde, Lancashire
67
what is cliff drainage
eliminating surface run off and infiltration on the slope, by creating ditches or by introducing pipes into the cliff face
68
what’s the cost of cliff drainage like
very expensive, £1 million per 100 metres
69
what are some advantages of cliff drainage
no build up of saturated clays and material, pipes are hidden, prevents the risk of mass movement
70
what are some disadvantages of cliff drainage
beach may be hard to access during construction, cliffs can still be eroded and undercut, cliff may become too dry and break apart
71
where’s a UK example of cliff drainage
barton on sea
72
what is a living shoreline barrier
a protected, stabilised coastal edge made of natural materials such as plants sand or rock
73
what’s the cost of living shoreline barriers
very cheap, £100 per foot
74
what are some advantages of living shoreline barriers
protects coastline from erosion, provides habitats, attracts natural wildlife so becomes more stable over time
75
what are some disadvantages of living shoreline barriers over time
may not be good enough to cope in high energy coastlines, many shorelines are already hardened so many not be suitable
76
where’s an example of a living shoreline barrier
Concordia University shoreline
77
what is land use management
the process of regulating the use of land by a central authority
78
what’s the cost of land use management like
can be expensive to relocate buildings, people and infrastructure
79
what are the advantages of land use management
valuable land can be protected, less impact of flooding and erosion, most land uses can be relocated easily e.g caravan parks
80
what are the disadvantages of land use management
people may not want to move or relocate, some previous land use may not be able to move, may break up communities
81
what type of countries favour hard engineering strategies in the 18th century’s
MEDCs
82
what are two reason why MEDCs are turning to favour soft engineering strategies more
increasing cost of coastal defences and the environmental impacts of hard engineering
83
what’s the agency called that is responsible for implementing coastal management in the UK
The Environment Agency
84
who is the Evironment agency funded by
DEFRA
The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
85
what’s an example of a opposition in the move towards soft engineering and managed retreat
The national farmers union would prefer continuation of hard engineering to prevent erosion of their farmland
86
what is a shoreline management plan (SMP)
a plan for managing flood and erosion risk for a particular stretch of shoreline at the immediate, medium and long term
87
how many SMPs are along englands coastline
22
88
what’s the main aim of SMPs
to develop a sustainable management approach for the shoreline that takes into account the key issues and achieves the best possible balance of all the values and features that occur around the shoreline over the next 100years
89
what are the 4 priorities devised from SMPs
hold the line
advance the line
retreat the line
do nothing
90
where’s an example in the UK of where an SMP is found
Hampshire
91
what’s the SMP measure mostly along barton on sea
managed retreat and no intervention (do nothing)
92
what is another way of saying retreat the line
managed retreat or managed realignment
93
where does managed retreat tend to happen
in low land environment ks
94
why is managed retreat controversial
it involves sacrificing land to the sea and abandoning existing sea defences
95
what are some advantages of managed retreat
new intertidal areas are created to absorb wave energy
the establishment of new habitats for wildlife
less money spend on trying to maintain existing defences
96
what are some disadvantages of managed retreat
the loss of farmland, recreational facilities such as caravan sites and sometimes settlements
97
describe where mappleton is
Close to the north sea, in east yorkshire
98
what is the policy of the SMP on mappletons coast
no active intervention with hold the line along mappletons coast
99
what’s an advantage of additional protection at mappleton
the community will be more protected from erosion/flooding so people aren’t displaced and roads aren’t destroyed
100
what’s a disadvantage of adding additional protection at mappleton
sea defences will trap sediment so the beach can’t build up at great cowden which in turn allows for more erosion as wave energy isn’t dissipated
101
what does ICZM stand for
Interested Coastal Zone Management
102
is a ICZM on a larger or smaller scale than an SMP
larger
103
what is an ICZM
a process which requires the adoption of a joined up and participative approach towards the planning and management of the many different elements in coastal areas
104
what are some key principals that should guide all partners in implementing an inter grated approach
a long term view
adaptive management
working with natural processes
reflecting on local characteristics
105
what’s the fundimental goal of an ICZM
to maintain, restore or improve the quality of coastal ecosystems and the societies they support
106
what are the differences between ICZMs and SMPs
SMPs only protect the coastline whereas ICZMs protect the whole coastal zone
ICZM have many stakeholders involved
ICZMs include many strategies but SMPs usually only include hard or soft engineering
107
define sustainability
something that’s good for the environment and can take place for a long period of time, it meets the need the people today without jeopardising those of the future
108
what 4 sections can sustainability be divided into
economic
ecology/environmental
political
cultural/social
109
what’s a stakeholder in a ICZM
a person or group interested in the coast
110
what are some examples of stakeholders at the coast
wildlife
fishermen
locals
farmers
tourists/general public
111
why can it be difficult to balance all the needs of all stakeholders at the coast
all stakeholders aren’t going to agree completely meaning conflict may arise
112
where is canvey island
a low lying area on the north side of the thames estuary
113
how low can the land be at canvey island
1m above sea level
114
what hard engineering strategies are found at canvey island
6m high sea walls
115
why is there fear over sea level rise at canvey island
isostatic rebound means that the land surrounding the thames estuary is sinking at the rate of 1.5mm/yr
116
what are some figures relating to canvey island and sea level rise
by 2100 it’s anticipated that land level will be 12cm lower than today
eustatic sea level rise is resulting from thermal expansion, and will cause the sea to rise by 3mm per year
117
how many people are said to be at risk from overtopping of current sea defences at canvey island
40,000
118
what’s the Thames Estuary plan 2100
a plan proposed maintaining and improving current defences, with community havens being introduced on higher land
119
what strategies are part of the thames estuary plan
relocating vulnerable mobile homes, camp sites and single story developments
marshlands west of the area may need to be subject to managed retreat
120
what do these strategies focus on, and what do they not focus on
focus on adaptation
don’t focus on mitigation
