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Physical Geography: Coasts > Coastal Management > Flashcards

Coastal Management Flashcards

1
Q

How many people lived within the coastal zone in 1999?

A

16.9 million

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2
Q

How much of UK manufacturing lies close to the coast?

A

40%

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3
Q

How much of coastal land is built on?

A

30%

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4
Q

What are the reasons for coastal management? (3)

A
  • Coastal erosion
  • Coastal flooding
  • Failure of previous defences
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5
Q

What is hold the line?

A

Maintain current defences

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6
Q

What is advance the line?

A

Build new defences seaward of the existing line

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7
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allow the coastline to retreat due to flooding and erosion but closely mange the rate and location of the retreat

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8
Q

What is ‘do nothing’?

A

Low value areas left to natural coastal processes as not deemed viable to spend on defences

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9
Q

What are the social factors taken into account? (4)

A
  • Number of residents
  • Use of the land
  • Who is impacted if it is damaged
  • Effect of downdrift land
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10
Q

What are the economic factors taken into account? (4)

A
  • Value of land
  • Cost of defences
  • Cost of maintanance
  • Value of business and connections in the area
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11
Q

What are the environmental factors taken into account? (4)

A
  • Impact on surrounding land
  • Current state of the coasts
  • Habitats and environment concerned
  • Unique landforms
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12
Q

What are the political factors taken into account? (4)

A
  • What are the alternatives?
  • Objections/ Opinions
  • Likelihood of success
  • Taking into account opinions of stakeholders
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13
Q

What is tangible cost benefit analysis?

A

When cost and benefits are known and can be given as a value

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14
Q

What is intangible cost benefit analysis?

A

Where costs may be difficult to assess but are important (e.g visual impacts)

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15
Q

What are the steps in cost benefit analysis? (6)

A
  • Where is the issue?
  • What are causes and effects?
  • Who is affected?
  • What should be done?
  • IS solution technically viable and environmentally acceptable?
  • What is cost benefit?
    Etc
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16
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Concrete or stone walls at the foot of a cliff, or at the top of a beach. Usually have a curved face to reflect waves back to sea

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17
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls? (4)

A
  • Protects high value land
  • Can prevent flooding
  • Long lasting
  • Can reflect wave impact
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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls? (3)

A
  • Eyesore to locals and tourists
  • Expensive to build / maintain
  • Produce strong backwash, undercutting it
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19
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber or rock structures at right angles to the coast that trap sediment being moved by LSD, building up the beach

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20
Q

What are the advantages of groynes? (3)

A
  • Very effective for building beach
  • Prevents sediment moving by LSD
  • Allows a natural defence to build up
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes? (2)

A
  • removes a lot of sediment from downdrift
  • Other beaches left vulnerable to erosion
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22
Q

What are gabions?

A

Bundles or rock in mesh cages at base of cliff to reduce impact of waves and prevent cliffs being undercut

23
Q

What are the advantages of gabions? (3)

A
  • Cheap to build and maintain (£100/ metre)
  • Difficult to erode
  • can eventually look natural as vegetation grows in/ over them
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of gabions? (3)

A
  • Not very effective
  • Unsightly, unnatural appearance
  • Ongoing maintenance required
25
Q

What are revetments?

A

Sloping wooden, concrete or rock structures placed at the foot of a cliff/ top of a beach, to break up the waves’ energy

26
Q

What are the advantages of revetments? (2)

A
  • Effective in reducing erosion
  • Little maintenance once built
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of revetments?

A

Expensive to build

28
Q

What are barrages e.g. Thames barrier?

A

Big, retractable walls built across estuaries that can be used as a floodgates to prevent storm surges

29
Q

What are the advantages of barrages? (3)

A
  • Very effective
  • Prevent flooding
  • Can be used to generate energy for commercial use
30
Q

What are the disadvantages of barrages? (2)

A
  • Very expensive
  • Can alter habitats and ecosystems
31
Q

What are offshore reefs?

A

A partly submerged rock barrier, designed to break up waves before they reach the coast

32
Q

What are the advantages of offshore reefs?

A

Effective at reducing wave energy

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of offshore reefs?

A
  • Can be easily destroyed by a storm
  • Aren’t visually appealing
34
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

The addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher or wider. Sediment usually dredged from nearby seabed

35
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment? (3)

A
  • Structures behind beach are protected from erosion
  • Effects of erosion lessened
  • Looks natural in tourist friendly areas
36
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment? (3)

A
  • Can kill other wildlife
  • Very expensive
  • Has to be repeated an maintained
37
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

Marram grasses are planted to stabilise dunes and more sediment is added to build the dunes up again

38
Q

What are the advantages of dune regeneration? (3)

A
  • Provides a barrier between lands + sea
  • Wave energy absorbed
  • Stabilisation is cheap
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of dune regeneration? (2)

A
  • Limited to small areas
  • Very expensive
40
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat? (3)

A
  • Reduces flooding of land
  • Fairly cheap
  • Little maintenance
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of managed retreat? (2)

A
  • Political disagreements over land
  • Can lead to habitats being destroyed
42
Q

What is land use/ management zoning?

A

The process of disfiguring the coastal area into zones for particular uses, to reduce coastal vulnerability

43
Q

What is SMP?

A

Shoreline Management Plan

44
Q

What is ICZM?

A

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

45
Q

What is the UK coastline divided into?

A

22 shoreline management plans due to limited budget

46
Q

What are the aims of SMPs? (6)

A
  • Promote long term management
  • Asses risks associated with coastal evolution
  • Address risks in a sustainability way
  • Ensures masnagament plans comply with nature conservation
  • Provide policy for coastal management
  • Assess risks
47
Q

What are the aims of ICZM? (3)

A
  • To focus on the fact that coastal zones are some of the most economically valuable yet ecologically sensitive places
  • Aims to work with stakeholders
  • Optimal balanace between environmental protection and development of economic and social sectors
48
Q

What are the stakeholders group involved in ICZM? (5)

A
  • Coastal residents
  • Local council
  • Tourism Businesses
  • Fisherman
  • Universities / NGOs
49
Q

Why are coastal residents stakeholders?

A

They live and work in the area and it may involve them and their land

50
Q

Why are local councils stakeholders?

A

They may be funding part of the project or it may occur on their land

51
Q

Why are tourism businesses stakeholders?

A

Much of local income may come from tourism so businesses would be affected

52
Q

Why are fisherman stakeholders?

A

Those involved in aquaculture may be involved because it is the land they work on

53
Q

Why are universities/NGOs stakeholders?

A

Are those which may provide info or important decisions

Physical Geography: Coasts (6 decks)

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