Coastal Landscapes in the UK

Question 1

Landscape

Answer 1

An extensive area of land regarded as being visually and physically distinct

Question 2

Abrasion (or Corrasion)

Answer 2

The wearing away of cliffs by sediment flung by breaking waves.

Question 3

Arch

Answer 3

A wave-eroded passage through a small headland. This begins as a cave formed in the headland, which is gradually widened and deepened until it cuts through.

Question 4

Attrition

Answer 4

Erosion caused when rocks and boulders transported by waves bump into each other and break up into smaller pieces.

Question 5

Bar

Answer 5

Where a spit grows across a bay, a bay bar can eventually enclose the bay to create a lagoon. Bars can also form offshore due to the action of breaking waves.

Question 6

Beach

Answer 6

The zone of deposited material that extends from the low water line to the limit of storm waves. The beach or shore can be divided into foreshore and backshore.

Question 7

Beach Nourishment

Answer 7

The addition of new material to a beach artificially, through the dumping of large amounts of sand or shingle.

Question 8

Beach Reprofiling

Answer 8

Changing the profile or shape of the beach. It usually refers to the direct transfer of material from the lower to the upper beach or, occasionally, the transfer of sand down the dune face from crest to toe.

Question 9

Cave

Answer 9

A large hole in the cliff caused by waves forcing their way into cracks in the cliff face.

Question 10

Chemical Weathering

Answer 10

The decomposition (or rotting) of rock caused by a chemical change within that rock; sea water can cause chemical weathering of cliffs.

Question 11

Cliff

Answer 11

Steep high rock face formed by weathering and erosion along the coastline.

Question 12

Deposition

Answer 12

Occurs when material being transported by the sea is dropped due to the sea loosing energy.

Question 13

Dune Regeneration

Answer 13

Action taken to build up dunes and increase vegetation to strengthen the dunes and prevent excessive coastal retreat. This includes the replanting of marram grass to stabilise the dunes, as well as planting trees and providing boardwalks.

Question 14

Erosion

Answer 14

The wearing away and removal of material by a moving force, such as a breaking wave.

Question 15

Gabion

Answer 15

Steel wire mesh filled with boulders used in coastal defences.

Question 16

Groyne

Answer 16

A wooden barrier built out into the sea to stop the longshore drift of sand and shingle, and so cause the beach to grow. It is used to build beaches to protect against cliff erosion and provide an important tourist amenity. However, by trapping sediment it deprives another area, down-drift, of new beach material.

Question 17

Hard Engineering

Answer 17

The use of concrete and large artificial structures by civil engineers to defend land against natural erosion processes.

Question 18

Headlands and Bays

Answer 18

A rocky coastal promontory made of rock that is resistant to erosion; headlands lie between bays of less resistant rock where the land has been eroded back by the sea.

Question 19

Hydraulic Power

Answer 19

The process by which breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff. The pressure may cause the cracks to widen, breaking off rock.

Question 20

Longshore Drift

Answer 20

The zigzag movement of sediment along a shore caused by waves going up the beach at an oblique angle (wash) and returning at right angles (backwash). This results in the gradual movement of beach materials along the coast.

Question 21

Managed Retreat

Answer 21

Allowing cliff erosion to occur as nature takes its course: erosion in some areas, deposition in others. Benefits include less money spent and the creation of natural environments. It may involve setting back or realigning the shoreline and allowing the sea to flood areas that were previously protected by embankments and seawalls.

Question 22

Mass Movement

Answer 22

The downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity. The speed can vary considerably.

Question 23

Rock Armour

Answer 23

Large boulders dumped on the beach as part of the coastal defences.

Question 24

Sand Dune

Answer 24

Coastal sand hill above the high tide mark, shaped by wind action, covered with grasses and shrubs.

Question 25

Seawall

Answer 25

A concrete wall which aims to prevent erosion of the coast by providing a barrier that reflects wave energy.

Question 26

Sliding

Answer 26

Occurs after periods of heavy rain when loose surface material becomes saturated and the extra weight causes material to become unstable and move rapidly downhill, sometimes in almost fluid state.

Question 27

Slumping

Answer 27

Rapid mass movement which involves a whole segment of the cliff moving down-slope along saturated shear-plane or line of weakness.

Question 28

Soft Engineering

Answer 28

Managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems.

Question 29

Spit

Answer 29

A depositional landform formed when a finger of sediment extends from the shore out to sea, often at a river mouth. It usually has a curved end because of the opposing wind and currents.

Question 30

Stack

Answer 30

An isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed. Over time further erosion reduces the stack to a smaller, lower stump.

Question 31

Transportation

Answer 31

The movement of eroded material.

Question 32

Wave Cut Platform

Answer 32

A rocky, level shelf at or around sea level representing the base of old retreated cliffs.

Question 33

Wave

Answer 33

Ripples in the sea caused by the transfer of energy from the wind blowing over the surface of the sea. The largest waves are formed when winds are very strong, blow for lengthy periods and cross large expanses of water.