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edexcel a levek geog🌍 > Coastal landscapes EQ1 > Flashcards

Coastal landscapes EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the littoral zone

A

The littoral zone contains coastal sediments . Waves currents and tides move these sediments along the coast called the littoral zone . Marked from the highest sea level to the shallow offshore water.

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2
Q

what are the four parts of the littoral zone

A

back shore
foreshore
nearshore
offshore

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3
Q

what occurs in the back shore of the littoral zone

A
  • only affected by waves during extreme high tides

- physical processes largely operate here

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4
Q

what occurs in the foreshore of the littoral zone

A
  • wave processes vary between high and low tide
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5
Q

what occurs in the nearshore of the littoral zone

A
  • shallow waters
  • intense human activity
  • transferring sediment by currents close to shore
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6
Q

what is meant by dynamic equilibrium

A

When inputs and outputs are balanced . The littoral zone is one of dynamic equilibrium. due to the wide range of natural processes and interactions that occur within it

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7
Q

what are coastal zones described as dynamic zones of rapid change

A
  • it’s the boundary where the land and sea meet > marine(sea) and sun-aerial (land) processes operate and interact
  • coasts experience extreme events (tropical storms e.t.c)
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8
Q

how can coastlines be classified

A

using criteria such as :

  • their geology
  • their level of energy
  • balance between erosion and deposition
  • changes in sea level
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9
Q

what determines the coastal landscape

A

the amount of energy in the coastal environment determines the coastal land scapes

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10
Q

what are the waves like in high energy coasts

A

Destructive more powerful waves

calmer conditions

long fetches

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11
Q

what processes take place in high energy coasts

A

erosion

transport sediments from : eroded land , mass movement and weathering , supplied by offshore currents

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12
Q

what landforms are found at high energy coasts

A

cliffs

headlands

wave cut platforms

arches

sea caves

stacks

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13
Q

what is the general location of high energy coasts

A
  • exposed to largest waves, highland and lowland coasts , rocky landscape
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14
Q

what are the waves like at low energy coasts

A

constructive less powerful waves

storm conditions

long fetches

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15
Q

what processes occur at low energy coasts

A

deposition

transports: sediments from rivers , long shore drift and nearshore currents

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16
Q

what landforms are found at low energy coastlines

A

beaches

spits

bars

sand dunes

mudflats

salt marshes

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17
Q

give an example of a high energy coastline

A

usually atlantic facing coasts e.g cornwall and north west scotland

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18
Q

what is a high energy coastline

A

where the rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition

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19
Q

give an example of a low energy coastline

A

usually where waves are less powerful or sheltered from large waves

e.g Lincolnshire and Norfolk

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20
Q

what is a low energy coastline

A

where deposition exceeds erosion

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21
Q

when classifying coastlines what does geology consist of ?

A

whether a coast is :
rocky / sandy
concordant / discordant

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22
Q

when classifying coastlines what does level of energy consist of ?

A

whether the coast is high energy or low energy : the balance between erosion and deposition

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23
Q

when classifying a coastline what does changes in sea level consist of?

A

whether the coastline is emergent or submergent.

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24
Q

when do concordant coasts occur

A

concordant coasts occurs where the folding or arrangement of ALTERNATING hard and soft rocks is PARALLEL TO THE COAST

(dalmatian coastline type)

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25
Q

give an example of a concordant coastline

A

the south facing coast of dorset

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26
Q

when do discordant coasts occur

A

discordant coasts occur where the folding / arrangement of ALTERNATING hard and soft rock is perpendicular (at a right angle ) to the coast

(atlantic coastline type)

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27
Q

give an example of a discordant coastline

A

the east facing coast of dorset

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28
Q

what happens to hard rock at a concordant coastline

A

they form elongated islands

29
Q

what happens to soft less resistant rock at a concordant coastline

A

form long inlets or coves

30
Q

what happens to hard more resistant rocks at discordant coastlines

A

form headlands

31
Q

what happens to soft less resistant rock at discordant coastlines

A

form bays or inlets

32
Q

what are rocky coastlines

A

they usually fork in areas of geology that is resistant to erosive forces from wind rain and sea .

Their lithology and structure means they erode and weather slowly

can withstand frequent weather storms

33
Q

give an example of a rocky coastline

A

hangman’s cliff in devon

34
Q

what are coastal plains (sandy and estuarine coastlines)

A

They are relatively flat low relief areas adjacent to the sea , their littoral zone is composed of sand dunes beaches mudflats and salt marshes.

waves are usually less powerful

35
Q

where do coastal plains form

A

in low energy coastlines where deposition exceeds erosion . They form through coastal accretion

36
Q

why are coastal areas important

A

roughy half the worlds population live within 200km of the coast

37
Q

what is eustatic change

A

the sea level changing relative to a point on the land

38
Q

what is isostatic change

A

the land moving relative to sea level

39
Q

what are emergent coasts

A

where the coasts are rising relative to sea level , for example due to tectonic uplift

40
Q

what are submergent coasts

A

where they are being flooded by the sea , either due to rising sea levels and / or subsiding land

41
Q

In terms of geology what three factors effect erosion resistance

A
  • how reactive the minerals in the rock are
  • how many cracks /fractures / weaknesses the risk has
  • whether the rocks are clastic
42
Q

give an example of a rock that can be easily eroded and weathered by solution

A

limestone

43
Q

what does clastic mean

A

whether rocks are made of cemented particles e.g sandstone

44
Q

how does eustatic/ isostatic change impact today’s coastlines

A

scotland is still “bouncing back “ creating raised beaches

south of the uk is sinking

45
Q

what is holocene epoch

A

The holocene epoch is the name given to the last 11,700 years of the earths history - the time since the end of t)3 last major glacial epoch / “ice age”

46
Q

what is an anticline

A

a ridge or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downwards from the crest

47
Q

what is w syncline

A

a trough of fold of stratified rock in which the strata slopes upwards from the axis

48
Q

what is the study of croatia as a concordant : dalmatian coastline

A

Croatia (adriatic sea ) drowned by sea level reuse during the holocene

Geology of dalmatian is sedimentary. (limestone)

it has been folded by tectonic activity into a series of anticlines and sync lines these run parallel to the current coastlines

49
Q

how are coasts affected by tectonic forces past and present

A

-geology type (igneous)
-geological structure (faults)
-the angle of thr rock in relation to the sea
-folding -anticlines and sync lines
-tectonic movement at the coastline
landforms

50
Q

what is a cliff profile

A

cliff profile means the height angle and features .

51
Q

how are cliff profiles influenced

A

by several forms of geology :

  • the resistance to erosion of the rock
  • the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline
52
Q

what is a dip

A

a dip is a tectonic feature.

the angle of the rock strata in relation to the horizontal is significant

sedimentary rocks are formed in horizontal layers , these layers can be tilted by plate tectonic forces .

53
Q

what is traction

A

large heavy rocks are being rolled along

54
Q

what is saltation

A

the bouncing of the smaller rocks

55
Q

what is suspension

A

lighter sediment is carried within the water

56
Q

what is solution

A

the transport of dissolved materials

57
Q

what are the three types of weathering

A

mechanical
chemical
biological

58
Q

what is freeze thaw as a process of mechanical weathering

A

water expanding by 9% in volume when freezing causing a force within the cracks , repeating of this causes the cracks in the rock to loosen

59
Q

what rocks are vulnerable due to freeze thaw weathering as a result of mechanical weathering

A

any rocks with rocks in

60
Q

name the 4 depositions landforms

A

spits
tombolos
bars
cuspate forelands

61
Q

how is a spit formed

A

long shore drift carries sediment along past the mouth of the river and deposits it

river flow stops it from forming a bar

a slag marsh is formed behind

62
Q

how is a tombolo formed

A

longshore drift transports sediment and sediment from river mouths

it connects an offshore island to the mainland

63
Q

how is a bar formed

A

same as a spit except the river isn’t strong enough to prevent it from depositing

64
Q

how is a cuspate foreland formed

A

longshore drift comes from two directions and builds up forming a triangular beach

65
Q

example of a spit

A

spurnhead holderness coast

66
Q

example of a bar

A

chesil beach

67
Q

example of tombola

A

chesil beach

68
Q

cuspate foreland example

A

dungeness in kent

edexcel a levek geog🌍 (4 decks)

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