coastal landscapes and change

Question 1

name 2 emergent coastline landforms

Answer 1

1- Fossil Cliff
2-Raised beach

Question 2

what is a ria?

Answer 2

-A drowned river valley
- V shaped
-Submergent landform found in southern england

Question 3

what is a fjord?

Answer 3

-Flooded glacial valley
-U shape
-Scotland, Norway

Question 4

what is a Dalmation Coast?

Answer 4

• Series of mountains that run parallel to the coastline which have since been flooded to cause islands.
  -Croatia

Question 5

what are two physical factors that effect coastal recession?

Answer 5

Lithology- Rock type
Geological structure- Joints, dips in bedding planes

Question 6

Two marine factors affecting coastal recession.

Answer 6

-Strong longshore drift
-Long fetch

Question 7

Name two Human factors that effect coastal recession

Answer 7

• Construction of dams
• Dredging

Question 8

how does the construction of dams affect coastal recession?

Answer 8

The construction of dams can hold up river sediment and therefore starve areas of coast of this sediment.
- This happened when the aswan High dam was built in the nile river and this led to erosion rates increasing by a factor of 100

Question 9

how does Dredging affect coastal recession

Answer 9

• It deepens the sea floor causing waves to not lose as much energy when approaching the coastline therefore causing more destructive waves

Question 10

How do weathering and erosional processes work together in terms of cliff recession?

Answer 10

-Weathering will often weaken areas of cliff by forming cracks and faults
- Erosional processes like hydraulic action will then break off pieces of rock through these cracks

Question 10

How do weathering and erosional processes work together in terms of cliff recession?

Answer 10

-Weathering will often weaken areas of cliff by forming cracks and faults
- Erosional processes like hydraulic action will then break off pieces of rock through these cracks

Question 11

Name three factors that effect flood risk

Answer 11

-Height of land
-Vegetation Removal
-Global sea level rise

Question 12

How is The Maldives affected by Flood risk?

Answer 12

• Their highest point above land is 2.3 metres
• a 50cm rise of sea level would submerge 77% of land
• The islands have a population of 340,000

Question 13

How would Bangladesh be affected by sea level rise?

Answer 13

• A 40cm rise could cause 10 million environmental refugees

Question 14

In which 2 ways is height of land affected by Flood risk?

Answer 14

• At risk from temporary factors such as storm surges
• At risk from permanent factors such as global sea level rise

Question 15

How does vegetation removal effect Flood risk?

Answer 15

-Vegetation stabilises sediment
- Vegetation absorbs wave energy
-since 1950, 50% of mangroves have been removed

Question 16

economic consequences of coastal recession

Answer 16

• Loss of property in the form of homes, business, farmland
• Massive dip in property prices
  -Business can lose a lot of money in investment if an area becomes unattractive or depopulated

Question 17

social consequences of coastal recession

Answer 17

• People having to relocate
  -lost jobs
• Very stressful scenario to go through, affects quality of life

Question 18

how much does the IPCC predict that sea levels will rise in australia by 2100?

Answer 18

1 metre

Question 19

one metre of sea level rise in australia would cause flooding of what?

Answer 19

-100,000 homes
- $90 billion of commercial property
-5 power stations
-75 hospitals
-50 water and sewage plants

Question 20

how much does the Ipcc predict sea levels could rise in the phillipines by 2100?

Answer 20

1 metre

Question 21

Economic impacts of predicted sea level rise in the phillipines

Answer 21

• $6 billion of property affected
• Tourist and fishing industries largely affected

Question 22

social impacts of predicted sea level rise in the phillipines

Answer 22

-Jobs lost in both fishing and tourism
- Shanty towns would be affected most which houses a lot of people at a high density, would cause a lot of environmental refugees

Question 23

2 countries that are have an environmental refugee crisis

Answer 23

Maldives and Tuvalu

Question 24

3 causes of people becoming environmental refugees in regards to coastlines

Answer 24

• salt water encroachment (contaminated water supply)
  -Flooding
  -Coral bleaching (coral acts as a natural sea defence)

Question 25

How many environmental refugees did hurricane katrina cause

Answer 25

1 million

Question 26

Advantages of hard engineering

Answer 26

can protect a coastline for decades

Question 27

Disadvantages of hard engineering

Answer 27

• Can have consequences further down the coastline
  -High costs
• eyesore

Question 28

5 Hard engineering defences

Answer 28

Offshore Breakwater, revetments, riprap, sea wall

Question 29

Name 3 soft engineering approaches

Answer 29

beach nourishment, cliff regrading and drainage, dune stabilisation

Question 30

How much does beach nourishment cost

Answer 30

£20 million per km of beach

Question 31

Beach nourishment

Answer 31

• Replenishment of beach sediment
• High maintenance costs
• Sediment must not be sources from elsewhere in the sediment cell

Question 32

What is cliff regrading?

Answer 32

Reducing the cliff slope angle to increase stability

Question 33

What is cliff Drainage?

Answer 33

draining cliffs of water to reduce mass movement risk

Question 34

How much does cliff regrading and drainage cost?

Answer 34

£1 million per 100m

Question 35

What are the two strategies in dune stabilisation?

Answer 35

Fencing: Reduces affects of wind erosion by lowering wind speeds
Re-vegetating: Plant marram and lyme grass to stabilise sediment. reduces affects of water erosion

Question 36

How much does fencing as a dune stabilisation strategy cost

Answer 36

£400-2000 per 100 metres

Question 37

How much does re-vegetating as a dune stabilisation strategy cost

Answer 37

£1000 per 100m

Question 38

What are the ICZM three main characteristics

Answer 38

1- Ensuring the entire coastal zone is managed
2- Recognising the importance of the coastal zone to peoples lives
3- Managing the coast sustainably and ensuring that economic development must take place but not at the detriment of the environment

Question 39

What are the ICZM’s 4 policy decisions

Answer 39

1- No intervention
2- Strategic/managed realignment
3- Hold the line
4- Advance the line

Question 40

What technique is used to decide which coastal management policy to use?

Answer 40

A cost-benefit analysis

Question 41

Where is an example of a cost benefit example taking place

Answer 41

Happisburgh, Norfolk

Question 42

Case study- Happisburgh

Answer 42

• The policy changed to no intervention
• This ensures that areas down the coast aren’t negatively affected
• caravan park in happisburgh has lots of affected homes however the impact of starved sediment elsewhere is larger

Question 43

What does EIA stand for?

Answer 43

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Question 44

What is the difference between an EIA and a CBA

Answer 44

An EIA assesses the impacts on the environment of building coastal defences as opposed to a CBA evaluating the worth of the area more holistically to figure out if it needs protection

Question 45

How many people rely on fishing and what percentage of these people live in developing countries?

Answer 45

500 million people and 90% live in developing countries