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Physical Geography > Coastal Landscapes > Flashcards

Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Coastlines with mud flats that are vegetated, and cut by channel. They commonly have salt marshes

A

Estuarine Coastline

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2
Q

Coastlines where sandy beaches are inundated, but sand dunes aren’t

A

Sandy Coastlines

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3
Q

Coastline with an abrupt transition from land to sea, and tidal ranges create wave-cut platforms

A

Cliffed Coast

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4
Q

commonly sandy beaches and estuarine coasts. Have less powerful waves, and deposition normally exceeds erosion

A

Low-Energy Coastlines

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5
Q

Rocky environments with powerful waves. Erosion exceeds deposition

A

High-Energy Coastlines

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6
Q

Coastlines that commonly face weaker and more powerful waves, e.g. Holderness.

A

Low-High Energy Coastlines

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7
Q

Different Tidal Ranges, and their range?

A

Microtidal (0-2m)
Mesotidal (2-4m)
Matroidal (>4m)

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8
Q

Primary Coasts

A

Coasts formed by land-based processes such as deposition at the coast from rivers or new coastal land from lava flows

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9
Q

Secondary Coasts

A

Dominated by marine erosion or deposition processes.

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10
Q

Emerging Coasts

A

Where coasts are riding relative to sea level, e.g. from tectonic uplift.

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11
Q

Submergent Coasts

A

Coasts flooded by the sea, either due to sea rise / or subsidising land.

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12
Q

Cliff Profile

A

The height and angle of a cliff face as its features.

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13
Q

The wider coastal zone including adjacent land areas or shallow parts of the sea just offshore.

A

Littoral Zone

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14
Q

Backshore & Foreshore

A

Backshore & Foreshore see coasts formed by land-based processes such as deposition at the coast from rivers or new coastal land from lava flows

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15
Q

Nearshore & Offshore

A

the area where waves begin to, and break. Before that is the offshore.

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16
Q

Weathering

A

the chemical, biological, and mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments and new mineral in-situ.

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17
Q

Mass Movement

A

landslides, slumps and rock falls, all of which move material downslope under the influence of gravity.

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18
Q

Surface Runoff

A

water, usually during heavy rain, flowing down the cliff face and causing erosion of it.

19
Q

Define Ex-Situ

A

the conservation of biodiversity in their natural habitats itself

20
Q

Define In-Situ

A

components of natural geograhphical area all from its original place.

21
Q

What are the three sub-ariel processes

A

Weathering
Mass Movement
Surface Runoff

22
Q

What is Coastal Accretion?

A

The deposition of sediment at the coast and the seaward growth of the coastline, creating new land. It often involves sediment deposition being stabalised by vegetation.

23
Q

What are the typical recession rates for the following rock types:
Granite (igneous)
Limestone (sedimentary)
Chalk (sedimentary)
Sandstone (sedimentary)
Boulder Clay (unconsolidated)

A

Granite (igneous) - 0.1-0.3 cm/y
Limestone (sedimentary) - 1-2 cm/y
Chalk (sedimentary) - 1-100 cm/y
Sandstone (sedimentary) - 10-100 cm/y
Boulder Clay (unconsolidated) - 100-1000 cm/y

24
Q

What is Rock Strata

A

the different layers of rock within an area and how they relate to each other.

25
Q

What is Deformation

A

the degree to which rock units have been deformed (tilted or folded) by tectonic activity.

26
Q

What is faulting

A

the presence of major fractures that have moved rocks from their original positions.

27
Q

Geological Structure produces two dominant types of coasts…

A

Concordant Coast
Discordant Coast

28
Q

What is a concordant coast

A

Where rock strata run parallel to the coast

29
Q

What is a discordant coast

A

When different rock strata intersect the coastline at an angle, so geology varies along it.

30
Q

Horizontal Dip

A

Vertical/near vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded.

31
Q

Seaward Dip, High Angle

A

Sloping, low-angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope.

32
Q

Seaward Dip, Low Angle

A

Profile may exceed 90 degrees producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls.

33
Q

Landward Dip

A

Steep profiles of 70-80, produce a very stable cliff with reduced rock falls.

34
Q

What two components does a cliff profile influence significantly

A

Rock Strata in relation to the coastline
Resistance to erosivity of the rock

35
Q

What are the three dominant components of coastal erosion from sub-ariel processes

A

weathering
mass movement
surface run-off

36
Q

What are the three dominant components of geological structure that influence the arrangement of rocks

A

Strata
Deformations
Faulting

37
Q

Geological structure creates two types of coastline…

A

Concordant - parallel
Discordant - horizontal

38
Q

List three different vegetated coastal features which protect them from erosion

A

coastal sand dunes
coastal salt marshes
coastal mangroves

39
Q

what are the two types of plants that grow in coastal environments?

A

Halophytes
Xerophytes

40
Q

What components help halophytes grow on coasts?

A

High salt water tolerance from being submerged in salt water, or being sprayed by the sea.

41
Q

What components help xerophytes grow on coasts?

A

Can tolerate dry conditions, such as those found in coastal sand dunes which retains very little water due to drainage.

42
Q

Define a pioneer plant

A

The first plants that colonise newly created environments.

43
Q
A

Physical Geography (6 decks)

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