Coastal landscapes

Question 1

Constructive wave

Answer 1

Breaking waves push large amounts of sand and pebbles up the beach ‘constructing’ it

Question 2

Destructive wave

Answer 2

Breaking waves plunge down onto beach with little forward swash

Question 3

The types of mass movement

Answer 3

• rockfall
• landslides
• mudflow
• rotational slip

Question 4

Rockfall

Answer 4

Rocks break away often to freeze thaw

Question 5

Landslides

Answer 5

Blocks of rocks slide downhill

Question 6

Mudflow

Answer 6

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down hill

Question 7

Rotational slip

Answer 7

Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface

Question 8

When the wave reaches the beach

Answer 8

It breaks and collapses on it. The water rushes up the beaches as wash and runs back down as backwash

Question 9

Waves form by

Answer 9

• wind blowing over the sea
• friction with the surface and water causes ripples that turn into waves
• tsunamis form when earthquakes or volcanos Shake the sea bed

Question 10

Biological weathering

Answer 10

Caused by the actions of the flora and farina

Question 11

Example of biological weathering

Answer 11

Plant roots grow in cracks in rocks, and animals burrow into weak rocks

Question 12

Chemical weathering

Answer 12

Caused by chemical changes

Question 13

Example of chemical weathering

Answer 13

Carbonation-rain water absorbs co2 from air becoming slightly acidic. Contact with alkaline water causes rock to slowly dissolve

Question 14

Mechanical weathering

Answer 14

The disintegration of rocks

Question 15

Examples of mechanical weathering

Answer 15

Freeze thaw - water collects in rocks, it freezes expands and the it melts again and sinks deeper into the rock

Question 16

The types of sediment transportation

Answer 16

• solution
• suspension
• traction
• saltation

Question 17

Solution

Answer 17

Dissolved chemicals often derived from limestone or chalk

Question 18

Suspension

Answer 18

Particles carried within the water

Question 19

Traction

Answer 19

Large pebbles rolled along the seabed

Question 20

Saltation

Answer 20

A ‘hopping’ or ‘bouncing’ motion of particles too heavy to be suspended

Question 21

Influences of coastal landforms

Answer 21

Rock type-some rocks are more tough and resistance than others
Geological structure- the way rocks have been folded or tilted

Question 22

Deposition happens when

Answer 22

Water slows down and waves lose their energy

Question 23

Beaches are formed

Answer 23

Of sediment deposited in bays

Question 24

Headland are formed by

Answer 24

Slow eroding tough resistance rock

Question 25

Bays are formed by

Answer 25

Weaker rock eroding more easily

Question 26

Managed retreat

Answer 26

Controlled retreat of the coast

Question 27

Erosion means

Answer 27

Wearing away the landscape

Question 28

Types of coastal erosion

Answer 28

- solution - corrosion - abrasion - attrition - hydraulic power

Question 29

Solution

Answer 29

Dissolving of soluble chemicals in rock

Question 30

Corrosion

Answer 30

Rick fragment picked up by the sea are thrown at the cliff. They scrape and wear away the rock

Question 31

Abrasion

Answer 31

The ‘sand papering’ effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform

Question 32

Attrition

Answer 32

Rock fragments carried by the sea Knock against each other becoming smaller/rounder

Question 33

Hydraulic power

Answer 33

The power of waves as they hit a cliff. Trapped air is forced into cracks of the rocks eventually breaking it

Question 34

Cave

Answer 34

Abrasion and hydraulic action widen the joint it fault

Question 35

Arch

Answer 35

The formation of erosion creating two back to back caves breaking through

Question 36

Stack

Answer 36

Arch of enlarged by erosion leaving an isolated stack

Question 37

Stump

Answer 37

A stack is eroded and collapsed

Question 38

Wave cut notch

Answer 38

When a wave breaks against a cliff erosion close to the high tide line will form a wave cut notch

Question 39

Wave cut platform

Answer 39

After many wave cut notch formations and cliff collapse cliff retreats it leaves behind a gently sloping platform

Question 40

Hard engineering

Answer 40

Uses artificial structures to control natural processes

Question 41

Hard engineering that help manage coasts

Answer 41

- sea wall~Concrete or rock barrier at the foot of the cliff or top top of beach - groynes~rock or timber structure built at right angles to the beach - rock armour~piles of large boulders at the foot of the cliff - gabions~Rick filled wire cages that support a cliff and provide a buffer against the sea

Question 42

Beaches are

Answer 42

Deposits of sand and shingle

Question 43

Sand dunes are

Answer 43

Formed by sand blown inland up the beach

Question 44

A spit is

Answer 44

A long finger of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea

Question 45

Bars form

Answer 45

When long shore drift causes spits to grow across a bay

Question 46

Soft engineering

Answer 46

Involves methods that work with natural processes

Question 47

Soft engineering for managing coasts

Answer 47

- Beach nourishment~sand or shingle is dragged of shore and transported to coast by barge - dune regeneration~marram grass is planted to stabilise dunes and help them develop which makes then effective buffers to the sea