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Geography > Coastal landscapes > Flashcards

Coastal landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Constructive wave

A

Breaking waves push large amounts of sand and pebbles up the beach ‘constructing’ it

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2
Q

Destructive wave

A

Breaking waves plunge down onto beach with little forward swash

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3
Q

The types of mass movement

A
  • rockfall
  • landslides
  • mudflow
  • rotational slip
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4
Q

Rockfall

A

Rocks break away often to freeze thaw

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5
Q

Landslides

A

Blocks of rocks slide downhill

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6
Q

Mudflow

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down hill

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7
Q

Rotational slip

A

Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface

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8
Q

When the wave reaches the beach

A

It breaks and collapses on it. The water rushes up the beaches as wash and runs back down as backwash

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9
Q

Waves form by

A
  • wind blowing over the sea
  • friction with the surface and water causes ripples that turn into waves
  • tsunamis form when earthquakes or volcanos Shake the sea bed
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10
Q

Biological weathering

A

Caused by the actions of the flora and farina

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11
Q

Example of biological weathering

A

Plant roots grow in cracks in rocks, and animals burrow into weak rocks

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12
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Caused by chemical changes

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13
Q

Example of chemical weathering

A

Carbonation-rain water absorbs co2 from air becoming slightly acidic. Contact with alkaline water causes rock to slowly dissolve

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14
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

The disintegration of rocks

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15
Q

Examples of mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw - water collects in rocks, it freezes expands and the it melts again and sinks deeper into the rock

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16
Q

The types of sediment transportation

A
  • solution
  • suspension
  • traction
  • saltation
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17
Q

Solution

A

Dissolved chemicals often derived from limestone or chalk

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18
Q

Suspension

A

Particles carried within the water

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19
Q

Traction

A

Large pebbles rolled along the seabed

20
Q

Saltation

A

A ‘hopping’ or ‘bouncing’ motion of particles too heavy to be suspended

21
Q

Influences of coastal landforms

A

Rock type-some rocks are more tough and resistance than others
Geological structure- the way rocks have been folded or tilted

22
Q

Deposition happens when

A

Water slows down and waves lose their energy

23
Q

Beaches are formed

A

Of sediment deposited in bays

24
Q

Headland are formed by

A

Slow eroding tough resistance rock

25
Q

Bays are formed by

A

Weaker rock eroding more easily

26
Q

Managed retreat

A

Controlled retreat of the coast

27
Q

Erosion means

A

Wearing away the landscape

28
Q

Types of coastal erosion

A
  • solution
  • corrosion
  • abrasion
  • attrition
  • hydraulic power
29
Q

Solution

A

Dissolving of soluble chemicals in rock

30
Q

Corrosion

A

Rick fragment picked up by the sea are thrown at the cliff. They scrape and wear away the rock

31
Q

Abrasion

A

The ‘sand papering’ effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform

32
Q

Attrition

A

Rock fragments carried by the sea Knock against each other becoming smaller/rounder

33
Q

Hydraulic power

A

The power of waves as they hit a cliff. Trapped air is forced into cracks of the rocks eventually breaking it

34
Q

Cave

A

Abrasion and hydraulic action widen the joint it fault

35
Q

Arch

A

The formation of erosion creating two back to back caves breaking through

36
Q

Stack

A

Arch of enlarged by erosion leaving an isolated stack

37
Q

Stump

A

A stack is eroded and collapsed

38
Q

Wave cut notch

A

When a wave breaks against a cliff erosion close to the high tide line will form a wave cut notch

39
Q

Wave cut platform

A

After many wave cut notch formations and cliff collapse cliff retreats it leaves behind a gently sloping platform

40
Q

Hard engineering

A

Uses artificial structures to control natural processes

41
Q

Hard engineering that help manage coasts

A
  • sea wall~Concrete or rock barrier at the foot of the cliff or top top of beach
  • groynes~rock or timber structure built at right angles to the beach
  • rock armour~piles of large boulders at the foot of the cliff
  • gabions~Rick filled wire cages that support a cliff and provide a buffer against the sea
42
Q

Beaches are

A

Deposits of sand and shingle

43
Q

Sand dunes are

A

Formed by sand blown inland up the beach

44
Q

A spit is

A

A long finger of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea

45
Q

Bars form

A

When long shore drift causes spits to grow across a bay

46
Q

Soft engineering

A

Involves methods that work with natural processes

47
Q

Soft engineering for managing coasts

A
  • Beach nourishment~sand or shingle is dragged of shore and transported to coast by barge
  • dune regeneration~marram grass is planted to stabilise dunes and help them develop which makes then effective buffers to the sea

Geography (11 decks)

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