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coastal environments Flashcards

1
Q

coral reef conditions

A

made of polyps, that photosynthesise. have high biodiversity
- less than 25m deep
- water temp of 27 degrees
- oxygen, low salinity

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2
Q

mangroves conditions

A
  • temps more than 5 degrees, do better in consistent temps
  • salt water
  • can survive in waterlogged environments
  • tropical and subtropical areas
  • threats: pollution, deforestation, over fishing, climate change
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3
Q

sand dunes conditions

A
  • wind to move sand
  • obstacle to form around
  • lots of sand
  • constructive waves to deposit sand
  • large tidal range so there’s time for the sand to dry
  • can be found anywhere
  • threats: pollution
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4
Q

salt marshes conditions

A
  • halophytic plants develop fast
  • succession on mudflats known as halorose
  • low energy coasts, constructive waves which deposit silt
  • vegetation slows waves to allow deposition
  • threats: pollution, eutrophication, dredging
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5
Q

weathering

A

the gradual break down of rock in situ.

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6
Q

mechanical weathering

A

freeze thaw:
water collects in a rock crack and freezes and expands, forcing the crack to widen. the ice thaws and water goes deeper, repeating process. rock eventually splits

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7
Q

chemical weathering

A

break down of rocks due to reaction with materials around it
carbonation: slow dissolution of limestone due to rainfall
oxidation: addition of oxygen to compounds eg rusting

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8
Q

mass movement

A

movement of weathered material downslope as a result of gravity

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9
Q

types of mass movement

A

rock fall
slide
slump
topple
flow

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10
Q

rock fall

A

when rocks are broken into pieces and fall down a cliff, crumple on one another
sloped over 40 degrees
mechanical weathering

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11
Q

slide

A

increase in water reduces friction, slabs of rock slide over one another. material remains intact

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12
Q

slump

A

saturated solids ove harder rocks slide down a cliff, leaving ridges along the way

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13
Q

topple

A

undercutting by erosion causes the top heavy part of a cliff to fall

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14
Q

flow

A

increase water causes mud and silt to slide down over underlying bedrock, material jumbles up

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15
Q

discordant coastline

A

alternating soft and hard rock perpendicular to the coastline

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16
Q

concordant coastline

A

alternating soft and hard rock parallel to coastline

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17
Q

abrasion

A

rocks carried by water scrape and wear away surfaces like coastlines through friction

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18
Q

attrition

A

rocks and pebbles carried by the water collide, forcing them to break down into smaller, rounder pieces

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19
Q

solution

A

chemicals in the water dissolve and break down rocks

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20
Q

hydraulic action

A

water pushes air into cracks and crevices of rocks, forces them apart due to the high pressure

21
Q

cliff formation

A

erosion of all kinds
weathering

22
Q

wave cut platforms formation

A

erosion at base of cliff greatest, starts to form a notch
undercutting continues, eventually the overhanging cliff is too heavy and falls
this repeats overtime, making the cliff face retreat
as it retreats, a gently sloping platform is left at the base, exposed at low tide.

23
Q

caves

A

large crack created by erosion (hydraulic action and solution), grows into cave by hydraulic action and abrasion

24
Q

arches

A

a cave breaks through the other side of the headland due to erosion

25
stack
arch left unsupported, erodes and collapse
26
stump
stack is eroded by hydraulic action
27
beaches
constructive waves deposit material carried by sea
28
spits and bars
longshore drift deposits sand beyond a change in coastline, affected by wind direction and estuaries a bar is a spit carried along the mouth of a bay
29
headland and bay formation
discordant coastline: harder rock isn't eroded as much as softer rock so a headland is left that sticks out to sea bay on beach form betweens headlines concordant coastline: inland bay forms
30
causes of coastal flooding
storm surges, tsunamis, climate change
31
Great Barrier Reef abiotic features
- sea temp min. of 18, optimum of 23 - shallow waters - grown for over 15,000 years - platform reefs and platform walls - optimum salinity of 2.7% - density changes with depth, so biotic components change as well
32
Great Barrier Reef biotic features
- large quantity and high diversity of fish - 3,000 individual reefs of coral - 900 islands - 4,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 400 species of coral - wide variety of bacteria
33
threats to Great Barrier Reef
- people worsening affects of agricultural practices, climate change and tourism - agriculture: huge amounts of chemicals from agriculture leaching into GBR - climate change: as industrialisation happens, climate change worsens. temps are too high, leading to cyclones which are hitting GBR - tourism: 10% of GDP. coral bleaching due to touch, kicking breaks off pieces of coral - destructive fishing: cyanide used to stun fish hugely damages and kills coral
34
4 types of transportation
suspension saltation traction solution
35
suspension
small particles carried in water
36
traction
pebbles moved along sea bed
37
saltation
load bounced along dead bed (shingles)
38
destructive waves
weak swash, strong backwash short frequency plunges onto beach high wave height
39
constructive waves
strong swash, weak backwash long frequency spills onto beach low wave height
40
sea level change formations
raised beaches, raised wave cut platforms, raised stack
41
developed country coastal management
Holderness coast, England - problem: strong prevailing winds move material south on the coastline due to longshore drift. cliffs made of clay, erode quickly, especially when saturated - what they did: scheme costing 2 million. involves hard engineering, rock armour, and two rock groynes - costs and benefits: 1.9 million, cant protect whole coats, keeps houses and businesses safe
42
developing country coastal management
Odisha, india problem: coastal erosion what they did: ICZM (integrated coastal zone management) project to promote sustainable management. mangroves planted- wind and wave swells reduced, flooding impacts reduces, tsunami heights reduced, cheap to plant
43
coastal management strategies
rip raps: layer of large, irregular stones that reduce wave energy gabions: cage filled with rocks revetments: sloping structures made of stone to reduce wave energy
44
shoreline management plans
factors to consider: cost-benefit analysis, environmental impact, risk assessment, feasibility hold the line managed retreat do nothing advance the line
45
prevention and prediction of flooding
forecasting building design planning education
46
managed retreat
coastline allowed to erode/ flood gradually - becomes a natural defence - further defences might have to be built to stop flooding - lose land
47
hold the line
when coasts are deemed high value (urban development or rare ecosystems) - could be temporary - expensive to maintain for a long time - rising sea levels complicate it
48
advance the line
land reclamation - very rare - building sea defences out to sea to create new land - expensive - likely to be affected further by sea level rise
49
do nothing
- used for low land value - rapid rates of engineering - erosion pushes coastline back - engineering challenge too great

geography (4 decks)

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