Coarticulation and connected speech processes Flashcards
What is coarticulation?
What is the result?
What are the key features?
What are the two types?
The overlapping of adjacent articulations so that a sound becomes more like the next sound
This results in allophones
coarticulation is a phonetic phenomenon, linked to the mechanics or getting one sound to another
regressive or anticipatory coarticulation where the second sound impacts the first sound
progressive/carry over coarticulation - the first sound impacts the second sound
What happens in dental realisations?
What is an example of this?
What is the diacritic for this?
What sounds does this apply to?
Plosive sounds in particular may be made at different places depending on their phonetic context
/t, d/ may be produced as dental versions before a dental sound - as in eighth [eɪt̪θ]
Diacritic [ ̪ ]
applies to alveolar stops /t, d, n/ and approximant /l/ - Alveolar sounds that come before a dental sound will change their articulation to dental via coarticulation
What is advancement?
Example
What is the diacritic for this?
When a consonant preceeds a vowel it may be produced in a different place in the mouth in anticipation
Words ‘car’ and ‘key’
The second /k/ is more forward: [k̟ʰiː]
/k, g/ may be produced further forward in the mouth – advancement
Diacritic [ ̟ ]
What is retraction?
Examples
When sounds / are retracted before postalveolar sounds
/t, d, n/, and approximant /l/ are retracted before postalveolar sounds: tree, lunch, Grinch, belch, Welsh
Also /k, g/ before back vowels /uː ɔː/ and /w/: queen, caught
What is labialisation?
What is the diacritic for this?
Labialisation (lip rounding) before rounded vowels
Diacritic [ʷ]
Examples of anticipatory coarticulation
Dental realisations
Advancement
Retraction
Labialisation
What is nasalisation?
When does this happen?
What is the diacritic?
Approximants and vowels are nasalised in the vicinity of a nasal consonant
It can happen in both directions, but anticipatory effect is stronger: green [gɹ̃iː̃n] (anticipatory) vs. Molly [mɒ̃li] (carry-over coarticulation)
Diacritic [ ̃]
What is velarisation?
What are clear and dark /l/?
What are the allophones of l?
Secondary articulation in the velar region
Clear /l/ - before a vowel sound, e.g. in lead /liːd/, light /laɪt/ - not velarised
Dark /l/ - after a vowel at the end of a syllable, and preceding a consonant, e.g. in eel /iːl/, field /fiːld/
[l] and [ɫ] (or [lˠ]) are allophones of the phoneme /l/
What are connected speech processes?
What is the result of this?
Where does it occur?
At what level does it affect sound?
Sounds change when words are put together in larger stretches of speech, such as phrases and sentences
This may include sounds changing, being lost, or being added
Often occur at the edges of words
They are optional
Affect sounds at the phonemic level (not allophonic level)
What are the types of connected speech processes?
Weak forms:
Elision
Alveolar plosive elision
Schwa elision
Assimilation
Alveolar plosive regressive place assimilation
Alveolar fricative regressive place assimilation
Coalescence
Voice assimilation
Liaison
What happens in weak forms of connected speech processes?
Usually happens when words are unstressed e.g., in function words (pronouns, prepositions etc.)
The vowels change to schwa & some sounds deleted
What is elision?
Examples
Under certain circumstances sounds disappear
Basically means sounds are deleted
Typical of rapid, casual speech
It is an optional process
The patterns differ in different languages
Alveolar plosive elision
Schwa elision
What is alveolar plosive elision?
Alveolar plosives /t, d/ often undergo phonological processes
There are certain environments in which /t/ and /d/ are likely to disappear:
Two-consonant clusters
The alveolar plosive must be in the coda of the syllable, not the onset
It must be preceded by a consonant with the same voicing
The following sound must be a consonant other than /h/
Examples of alveolar plosive elision
Examples:
Last night /ˈlɑːst ˈnaɪt/→/ˈlɑːs ˈnaɪt/
Locked door /ˈlɒkt ˈdɔː/→/ˈlɒk ˈdɔː/
Send them /ˈsend ðəm/→/ˈsen ðəm/
Bold man /ˈbəʊld ˈmæn/→/ˈbəʊl ˈmæn/
Exceptions of alveolar plosive elision
/d/ is usually elided in and, whether or not it is followed by a consonant
/t/ deletion may take place in negative contractions if followed by another word
Don’t shout /ˈdəʊnt ˈʃaʊt/→/ˈdəʊn ˈʃaʊt/
Wouldn’t answer /ˈwʊdn̩t ˈɑːnsə/→/ˈwʊdn̩ ˈɑːnsə/
What is word internal elision?
Example
The same process as alveolar plosive elision but within a word
The same rules, but across syllable boundary (not word boundary); or within a single syllable
For example:
- exactly /ɪɡˈzæktli/→/ɪɡˈzækli/
What is schwa elision?
Example
What is the result?
The unstressed schwa
is prone to deletion
If schwa is unstressed and followed by /n/, /r/ or /l/ before an unstressed syllable
Examples: history, travelling, camera, family etc.
history /ˈhɪstəri/→/ˈhɪstri/
travelling /ˈtrævəlɪŋ/→/ˈtrævlɪŋ/
These result in the loss of one syllable
What is assimilation?
Where is it more likely to be found?
How is it different from coarticulation?
What are the two types?
Which sounds are most likely to undergo assimilation?
“sounds become more similar to neighbouring sounds”
more likely to be found in rapid, casual speech
Different from coarticulation: affects sounds at the phonemic level
Two types:
Regressive or anticipatory assimilation: a sound takes features from the sound following it A←B
Progressive or perseverative assimilation: a sound takes features from the sound preceding it A→B
Alveolar plosives are most likely to undergo assimilation
What is alveolar stop regressive place assimilation?
Which phonemes are susceptible?
Example?
What doesn’t change?
Place of articulation of a phoneme can change when followed by a consonant
Alveolars - highly susceptible
/t d n/ may be realised as:
Bilabial /p b m/ when followed by a bilabial consonant
Velar /k g ŋ/ when followed by a velar consonant
Voicing does not change!
What happens if one alveolar consonant at the end of a word assimilates?
All consonants will assimilate
What is alveolar fricative regressive place assimilation?
Examples
/s/ and /z/ may be realised as postalveolar when followed by /j/, /ʃ/ (sh) or /ʒ/(j)
does she /dʌz ʃi/ → /dʌʒ ʃi/
this year /ðɪs jɪə/ → /ðɪʃ jɪə/
What is Coalescence?
Examples
Coarticulation that affects the manner of articulation
/t/ and /d/ may merge with a following /j/ to become post-alveolar affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ respectively
/t/ + /j/ → /tʃ/
Tuesday /ˈtjuːzdeɪ/→/ˈtʃuːzdeɪ/
won’t you /ˈwəʊnt ju/→/ˈwəʊntʃu/
/d/ + /j/ → /dʒ/
due /djuː/→/dʒuː/
would use /wʊd ˈjuːz/→/ wʊˈdʒuːz/
What is voice assimilation?
Examples
Anticipatory assimilation of voicing
/v/ is realised as /f/
Have to /ˈhæv tu/→/ˈhæf tu/
Of course /əv kɔːs/→/əf ˈkɔːs/
/z/ is realised as /s/
Newspaper /ˈnjuːzpeɪpə/→/ˈnjuːspeɪpə/
What is liaison?
What is hiatus?
What is the most common consonant to be added?
What is the opposite of liaison?
Addition of sounds in connected speech
Liaison = adding a phoneme to avoid hiatus
The insertion of a consonant to avoid a sequence of a word-final and a word-initial vowel
when two vowels occur next to each other
Most commonly: /r/ is added
Elision is the opposite of liaison as in liaison sounds are added
What is r liaison?
What is linking r?
What is intrusive r?
Which speech is this found in and which is it not?
Adding r into a word to prevent two vowels occuring next to each other
Linking r
In pronunciation, when the word is spelled with a final /r/ and the following word begins with a vowel:
four /fɔː/ vs. four eggs /fɔːr egz/
you were out /juː wər aʊt/
Intrusive r - when not justified by spelling :
media event /miːdiə ɪvent/ ® /miːdiər ɪvent/
It is an optional process in non-rhotic speakers but r is always produced in rhotic speakers
What is the difference between rhotic and non-rhotic speech?
What is non-rhotic speech also known as?
rhotic speakers pronounce the /r/ in words like large and park, while non-rhotic speakers generally don’t pronounce the /r/ in these words.
Non-rhotic is also known as “r”-dropping.
