COA Tutorial Flashcards
is concerned with the way hardware components are connected together to form a computer system.
Computer Architecture
It acts as the interface between hardware and software.
Computer Architecture
It deals with the components of a connection in a system.
Computer Organization
tells us how exactly all the units in the system are arranged and interconnected.
Computer Organization
is concerned with the structure and behaviour of a computer system as seen by the user.
Computer Organization
helps us to understand the functionalities of a system.
Computer Architecture
expresses the realization of architecture.
Computer Organization
While designing a computer system —- is considered first.
Computer Architecture
deals with high-level design issues.
Computer Architecture
deals with low-level design issues.
Computer Organization
involves Logic (Instruction sets, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization)
Computer Architecture
involves Physical Components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals)
Computer Organization
was the first computing system designed in the early 1940s.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
It consisted of 18,000 buzzing electronic switches
vacuum tubes
It was organized in U-Shaped around the perimeter of a room with forced air cooling.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
42 panels each 9’x 2’x1’
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
design was known as the first digital electronic computer (though not programmable)
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
It was designed and built by John Vincent Atanasoff and his assistant, Clifford E. Berry in 1937.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
were invented in 1947 at Bell Laboratories which were a fraction the size of the vacuum tubes and consumed less power, but still, the complex circuits were not easy to handle.
Transistors
it was heavy weighing 7.3 kg (16 lb) and extremely expensive.
Macintosh Portable
In 1990, Apple released the
Macintosh Portable
had 512 microprocessors. This technological advancement was very significant as it was used as a model for some of the fastest multi-processors systems in the world.
Touchstone Delta supercomputer,
was launched as the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) that was sold commercially; it ran on the Motorola 68000, dual floppy disk drives, a 5 MB hard drive and had 1MB of RAM.
1983, Lisa
is still the global market leader in IC manufacturing, research, and development.
1968, Robert Noyce co-founded Intel Electronics company
invented the Integrated Circuit at the same time. In July 1959 Noyce filed a patent for this.
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
was invented by German inventor Konrad Zuse. It was the first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine.
1941, Z3
It was designed and built by John Vincent Atanasoff and his assistant, Clifford E. Berry in 1937.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
describes the functions and design of the various units of a digital system.
computer organization
deals with the specification of the instruction set and the hardware units that implement the instructions.
Computer architecture
consists of electronic circuits, displays, magnetic and optic storage media and also the communication facilities.
Computer hardware
is the best-known example of a digital system.
general-purpose computer system
The operations performed on the data stored in registers
Micro-operations.
is the symbolic representation of notations used to specify the sequence of micro-operations.
Register Transfer Language
refers to the availability of hardware logic circuits that can perform a given micro-operation and transfer the result of the operation to the same or another register.
Register Transfer
can be considered as a digital circuit that has three gates, two of which are signals equivalent to logic 1 and 0 as in a conventional gate. However, the third gate exhibits a high-impedance state.
three state gates
The most commonly used three state gates in case of the bus system
buffer gate.
The transfer of information from a memory unit to the user end
Read
The transfer of new information to be stored in the memory
Write
A memory word is designated by the letter
M
is one of the most critical registers in CPU.
Program counter
monitors the execution of instructions. It keeps track on which instruction is being executed and what the next instruction will be.
Program counter
is used to hold the instruction that is currently being executed.
instruction register IR
are used to handle the data transfer between the main memory and the processor.
two registers MAR and MDR
holds the address of the main memory to or from which data is to be transferred.
MAR
contains the data to be written into or read from the addressed word of the main memory.
MDR
provides an external asynchronous input that informs the processor that it should complete whatever instruction that is currently being executed and fetch a new routine that will service the requesting device.
Interrupt method
can be referred as an electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions given by a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
Central processing unit
is used to hold the instruction that is currently being executed.
instruction register IR
monitors the execution of instructions. It keeps track on which instruction is being executed and what the next instruction will be.
Program counter
s one of the most critical registers in CPU.
Program counter
holds the address of the main memory to or from which data is to be transferred.
MAR
contains the data to be written into or read from the addressed word of the main memory.
MDR
the General System Architecture is divided into two major classification units.
Store Program Control Concept
Flynn’s Classification of Computers
refers to the storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently.
Stored Program Control Concept
who proposed that a program be electronically stored in the binary-number format in a memory device so that instructions could be modified by the computer as determined by intermediate computational results.
John von Neumann
was the first computing system designed in the early 1940s. It was based on Stored Program Concept in which machine use memory for processing data.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Stored Program Concept can be further classified in three basic ways:
Von-Neumann Model
General Purpose System
Parallel Processing
The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an
instruction stream.
The operations performed on the data in the processor constitute a
data stream.
Flynn’s classification divides computers into four major groups that are:
Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)
Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)
Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)
Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)
are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used by the CPU are often termed as Processor registers.
Registers
may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any data (such as bit sequence or individual characters).
processor register
has a capacity of 4096 words, and each word contains 16 bits.
Memory unit
contains 16 bits which hold the operand read from the memory location.
Data Register (DR)
contains 12 bits which hold the address for the memory location.
Memory Address Register (MAR)
also contains 12 bits which hold the address of the next instruction to
Program Counter (PC)
is a general purpose processing register.
Accumulator (AC) register
is used for holding the temporary data during the processing.
Temporary Register (TR)
holds the input characters given by the user.
Input Registers (IR)
holds the output after processing the input data.
Output Registers (OR)
