COA Flashcards
1
Q
1
A
Ophthamology
2
Q
2
A
ophthalmologist
3
Q
3
A
Optometrist
4
Q
4
A
Optician
5
Q
5
A
Orthoptist
6
Q
6
A
Ocularist
7
Q
7
A
ophthalmic pho-
8
Q
8
A
ophthalmic med-
9
Q
9
A
JCAHPO 3 levels
10
Q
10
A
subspecialist
11
Q
11
A
Cornea
12
Q
12
A
Iris
13
Q
13
A
pupil
14
Q
14
A
crystalline lens
15
Q
15
A
vitreous
16
Q
16
A
Retina
17
Q
17
A
Optic Nerve
18
Q
18
A
Axial length
19
Q
19
A
central cornea
20
Q
20
A
pachymetry
21
Q
21
A
refracting power
22
Q
22
A
Adnexa
23
Q
23
A
Orbit
24
Q
24
A
Blowout fracture
25
25
extraocular mus-
26
26
medial rectus
27
27
lateral rectus
28
28
superior oblique
29
29
inferior oblique
30
30
superior rectus
31
31
inferior rectus
32
32
binocular vision
33
33
fusion
34
34
strabismus -
35
35
palpebral fissure
36
36
medial canthus
37
37
lateral canthus
38
38
cilia
39
39
anterior
40
40
trichiasis
41
41
External horde-
42
42
meibomian
43
43
posterior
44
44
chalazion
45
45
blepharitis
46
46
tarsus
47
47
orbicularis oculi
48
48
levator palpe-
49
49
ptosis - when
50
50
ectropion - a con-
51
51
entropion - when
52
52
conjunctiva
53
53
conjunctivitis
54
55
lacrimal appara-
55
56
tear film
56
57
Dry eye tests
57
58
anterior segment
58
59
posterior seg-
59
60
Does the cornea
60
61
5 layers of the
61
62
corneal abrasion
62
63
corneal ulcer
63
64
sclera
64
65
limbus
65
66
anterior chamber
66
67
anterior cham-
67
68
uvea
68
69
sphincter muscle
69
70
posterior cham-
70
71
ciliary body
71
72
choroid
72
73
presbyopia
73
74
cataract
74
75
floaters
75
76
photorecepters
76
77
optic disc/head
77
78
macula
78
79
fovea
79
80
light to the brain
80
81
cup to disc ratio
81
82
visual pathway
82
83
optic chiasm
83
84
4 main parts of
84
85
disease
85
86
etiology
86
87
cells
87
88
infection
88
89
inflammation
89
90
acute inflamma-
90
91
ischemia
91
92
occluded
92
93
hypoxia
93
94
metabolism
94
95
hormones vs en-
95
96
congenital
96
97
degenerative
97
98
neoplasm
98
99
signs
99
101. proptosis (ex-
increase in volume of the orbital contents pushing the
100
ophthalmos)
eyeball forward
101
102. Graves disease
when the thyroid is anterior in the throat and causes the
102
103. unilateral propto-
only one eye bulging
103
104. hemorrhage
accumulation of blood from a broken vessel
104
105. edema
swelling from large amounts of fluid
105
106. orbital cellulitis
diffuse infection of tissues in the orbit
106
107. blowout fracture
trauma to the eye or orbit with blunt object breaking the
107
108. diplopia
double vision. Prism helps correct this.
108
109. exodeviation
outward deviation of the eye
109
110. esodeviation
inward deviation of the eye
110
111. tropia
visually seen
111
112. phoria
only seen when covering one eye and losing the ability for
112
113. stereopsis
3D visual perception (need both eyes)
113
114. nystagmus
when the eyes shift involuntary in a rhythmic beating
114
115. belpharitis
chronic infection with inflammation of the lid margins
115
117. basal cell carci-
malignant lid tumor (most common)
116
118. dacryocystitis
inflammation of the lacrimal sac
117
119. keratoconjunc-
dry eye syndrome
118
120. pinguecula vs
pinguecula only grows on the conjunctiva.
119
pterygium
pterygium grows on the cornea.
120
121. nevi
freckle
121
122. keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
122
123. abrasion
scratch
123
124. laceration
tear
124
125. lesion
break in the tissue
125
126. hypopyon
pus accumulating in the anterior chamber
126
127. dendritic
branch shaped
127
128. keratoconus
degenerative corneal disease of genetic origin. The
128
129. scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
129
130. episcleritis
inflammation of the layer overlying the sclera
130
131. hyphema
blood in the anterior chamber
131
132. glaucoma
malformation/malfunction of structures within the anterior
132
133. visual field
height and breadth of space seen by the eye when it looks
133
134. primary open an-
anterior chamber appears in its normal open position.
134
gle glaucoma
(most common)
135
135. primary an-
the distance between the iris and cornea is shorter than
136
gle-closure glau-
normal
137
136. secondary glau-
occurs secondary, or caused by, another disease
138
137. congenital glau-
malformation of anterior chamber angle in infants
139
138. endophthalmitis
infection of the vitreous and adjacent tissues
140
139. retinal detach-
separation of the sensory layers of the retina from the
141
ment
underlying pigment layer
142
140. cryopexy
freezing the tear
143
141. photocoagula-
welding with light from a laser
144
142. pneuma-
injection of gas into the eye
145
143. scleral buckle
placing a block of silicone or other material on the eye to
146
144. posterior vitrec-
removing the vitreous
147
145. exudative retinal
results from fluid collection in the subretinal space
148
traction retinal
results from pulling on the retina by a fibrous growth
149
detachment
(ERM)
150
147. dry AMD
characterized by drusen and atrophic spots (loss of tis-
151
148. retinitis pigmen-
hereditary progressive retinal degeneration that affects
152
tosa
both eyes, usually in children.
153
149. vascular occlu-
blockage of the blood vessels that serve the retina
154
150. intracranial
inside the skull
155
151. papilledema
swelling of the optic disc with engorged blood vessels due
156
152. optic neuritis
swelling of the optic nerve
157
153. anterior is-
occlusion of the blood supply to the optic nerve. causes
158
chemic optic
sudden vision loss. no treatment.
159
154. myasthenia
chronic autoimmune condition that interferes with proper
160
gravis
nerve transmission in the skeletal muscles, resulting in
161
155. sarcoidosis
causes inflammation and microscopic nodule called gran-
162
156. sjogren syn-
dry eyes and mouth. Results in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
163
157. exposure ker-
exposes the delicate ocular surface and is associated with
164
atopathy
drying of the conjunctiva and corneal surfacing
165
158. autoimmune dis-
myasthenia gravis
166
orders that can
rheumatoid arthiritis
167
affect the eye
sarcoidosis
168
159. metabolic disor-
diabetes mellitus
169
160. vascular dis-
cerebral vascular accident
170
eases
giant cell arteritis
171
161. cerebral vascu-
stroke and cerebral hemorrhage.
172
lar accident
can cause CRAO or BRAO
173
162. giant cell arteri-
(AKA temporal arteritis) affects the circulation of medium
174
tis
sized arteries.
175
163. infectious dis-
AIDS
176
eases
Chlamydia
177
164. neoplastic dis-
metastatic carcinoma
178
eases
blood dyscrasias
179
165. cerebral neo-
brain tumors
180
166. blood dyscrasias
any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
181
167. metastatic carci-
tumor producing cancer
182
168
insulin, estrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormone
183
169. affects of dia-
blood vessel leakage of fluid and exudation of protein
184
betes on the reti-
substances into the retina, very poor retinal circulation,
185
na
retinal ischemia, retinal neovasculariztion
186
170. what eye find-
visual field defects and irregular pupils
187
171. optics
branch of physical science that deals with the properties
188
172. opaque
completely block light
189
173. translucent
interfere with the passing of light
190
174. transparent
permit the passage of light without significant disruption
191
175. refracted
bent
192
176. optical density
compactness
193
177. refractive index
speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a specific
194
178. apex
top
195
179. prism
triangular piece of glass. Because of its shape it devi-
196
180. converge
come together
197
181. diverge
spread apart
198
182. plane
flat
199
183. convex lens
piece of glass/plastic where one or both surfaces are
200
184. concave lens
where one or both surfaces of a piece of plastic/glass
201
185. parallel
side by side and in the same direction
202
186. principal axis
pathway light travels through a lens
203
187. axial (principal
the ray that travels through a lens
204
188. paraxial rays
two parallel light rays that enter the lens at any point other
205
189. virtual image
an image that is seen with concave lenses. The light
206
190. vergence power
a measure of a lenses ability to converge or diverge light
207
(power)
rays. This depends on the refractive index of the lens
208
191. steeply curved
steeply curved convex lenses of a given material produce
209
convex lens vs
greater convergence than do less curved convex lenses
210
lightly convex
of the same substance, and are therefore more powerful.
211
curve
(same idea for concave)
212
192. focal length
the distance between the focal point and the lens. It's
213
193. power of a lens is
the reciprocal of the focal length measured in meters and
214
equal to
is expressed as diopters.
215
194. a concave lens
-1/2 or -0.5 diopters
216
195. refractive state
refers to the relative ability of the refractive components
217
196. emmetropia
where two parallel light rays are focused perfect on the
218
197. ametropia
where two parallel light rays aren't focused perfect on the
219
198. myopia
nearsightedness. the lens and the cornea have too much
220
199. hyperopia
farsightedness. the cornea and lens have too little plus
221
200. spherical cornea
most corneas have a universal curvature.
222
201. astigmatism
refractive error caused by a toric cornea
223
202. toric cornea
a non perfect cornea curvature
224
203. regular vs irregu-
regular: shaped like a football
225
lar astigmatism
irregular: a bumpy football
226
204. spherical lens
a lens that has the same curvature over its entire surface
227
205. multifocal lenses
bi-trifocals
228
206. cylinder
differ from spheres in that they have curvature and thus
229
207. axis
the meridian perpendicular to the meridian with curvature.
230
208. spherocylinders
a combination of sphere and cylinder.
231
209. lensometry
the technique of measuring the properties of spherocylin-
232
210. cycloplegic re-
refracting with dilated(cycloplegic) eyes. Used in patients
233
fraction
under 20 years old.
234
211. manifest refrac-
refracting without dilating (cycloplegic) drops.
235
212. retinoscopy
initial step in refractometry. requires no participation or
236
213. retinoscope
has a light source and a viewing component.
237
214. phoropter
name of the tool you use to refract patients.
238
215. subjective re-
subject= requires the patients response
239
fractometry vs
object= retinoscopy. doesn't require patients cooperation
240
216. cross cylinder
jacobs cross (when refracting)
241
217. balancing
looks for a an uneven correction or undercorrection for the
242
(binocular
patients refraction. (3click blur)
243
218. plano
no sphere power
244
219. spherical
no cylinder power/axis
245
220. transposition
conversion from one form of expression to the other. (+/-
246
221. lensometer
lensmeter/vertometer - what you use to read glasses
247
222. keratometry
measurement of a patients corneal curvature. done by a
248
223. The refractive
prism diopters
249
224. a 0.5 prism devi-
2
250
225. name the kind of
myopia: concave or minus sphere
251
ophthalmic lens
hyperopia: convex, or plus sphere
252
used to correct
astigmatism: spherocylinder, or cylinder
253
226. define refraction
process of measuring a person's refractive error and de-
254
as the term is
termining the optical correction required to provide clear
255
used in eye care
vision
256
227. name the 2 main
refractometry and clinical judgment
257
228. name the 3 sep-
retinoscopy (objective refractometry), refinement (subjec-
258
arate steps of re-
tive refractometry, binocular balancing
259
229. patients may re-
1. topical systems: whereby drugs are applied directly to
260
ceive ophthalmic
the surface of the eye or surrounding skin
261
drugs by 3 princi-
2 .injections: whereby drugs are injected with a hypoder-
262
pal methods:
mic needle into or around the eye or into another part of
263
230. implantable in-
controlled release of drugs into the eye. (ozurdex)
264
231
hydrophobic (resists water)
265
232. drug solution
completely dissolved in an inert liquid called the vehicle
266
233. anti-infectant lid
tan
267
234. anti-inflammato-
pink (sometimes white)
268
235. mydriatics and
red
269
236. nonsteroidal
gray
270
237. miotics lid color
dark green
271
238. beta-blockers lid
yellow
272
239. beta-blocker
dark blue
273
240. adrenergic ago-
purple
274
241. suspension
a liquid vehicle in which particles of the drug are "sus-
275
242. ointment/gel
the drug is dissolved or suspended in an oily or greasy
276
systemic drug
intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections.
277
delivery
The active drug travels through the body's circulatory
278
244. vascular en-
VEGF - chemical substance that stimulates growth of new
279
dothelial growth
blood vessels.
280
245. improving drop
1.take drops with other routine tasks such as brushing
281
compliance
teeth
282
246. mydriatics
the act of dilating the pupil.
283
247. dapiprazole
dilating reversing drop. Not in USA anymore. Causes
284
248. cycloplegia
ability of a drug to temporarily paralyze the ciliary/sphinc-
285
249. uses of cyclople-
1. performing a refraction that requires an absence of
286
gia drugs
accommodation
287
250. fluorescein, rose
dyes
288
251. anesthetics
numb the surface of the eye
289
252. miotics
cause the iris sphincter muscle to contract, producing
290
253. beta-adrenergic
these drugs decrease fluid production in the eye. they can
291
blockers
slow the heart rate and shouldn't be used in patients with
292
255. oral and topical
decrease the formation and secretion of aqueous humor.
293
carbonic anhy-
adopt, dorzolamide.
294
256. alpha selective
decrease the rate of aqueous humor production
295
257. prostaglandins
only use in the evening and they reduce intraocular pres-
296
258. hyperosmotics
draw fluid out of the aqueous and vitreous humors. action
297
259. antimicrobials
antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals - bacitracin, tobramycin,
298
260. ocular decon-
constrict the superficial blood vessels in the conjunctiva -
299
gestants
visine, clear eyes
300
261. NSAIDS
used for ocular inflammation and allergies. -ketorolac,
301
262. immunomodula-
restasis - treatment for tear deficiency
302
263. what is needed
- patients name, address, and date of prescription
303
for a medical pre-
- name of the drug and the strength
304
scription
- total amount of drug to be dispensed
305
264. bid
twice a day
306
265. gtt
drop
307
266. hs
bedtime
308
267. qd
everyday
309
268. qh
every hour
310
269. qid
4 times a day
311
270. tid
three times a day
312
271. ung
ointment
313
272. what do with
-oxygen
314
drug allergic re-
-benadryl (oral)
315
actions
- epinephrine (injectable)
316
273. types of microor-
-bacteria
317
ganisms
-fungi
318
274. how do scien-
size, structure, method of reproduction, or response to
319
tists classify mi-
laboratory procedures such as staining
320
275. bacteria
-reproduce by splitting in 2, gram (+) and gram (-)
321
276. gram staining
allows you to distinguish between gram (-) and gram (+)
322
277. viruses
only can replicate inside a cell, cannot be controlled with
323
278. herpes type 1 vs
type 1: fever blisters and lesions of cornea/eyelids
324
herpes type 2
type 2: genital region and transmitted by sexual contact
325
279. HIV
human immunodeficiency virus, causes aids.
326
281. protoza
single-celled. found in water, soil, plants and animals.
327
282. toxoplasmosis
causes inflammation of uveal and retinal structures. treat-
328
283. prions
transmissible proteins that represent a threat to humans
329
284. ways to get in
- airborne droplets (sneezing)
330
contact with mi-
- direct-contact transmission (human to human contact)
331
croorganisms?
- indirect contact transmission (received from an inani-
332
285. universal pre-
wear gloves, wash hands, wear masks, wear gowns,
333
cautions
clean spills properly, sterilize everything
334
286. disinfection
inactivating or eliminating most disease-causing microor-
335
287. germicide
chemical that kills germs
336
288. sterilization
killing of all living microorganisms
337
289. autoclave
uses steam under high pressure to kill microorganisms
338
290. empiric treat-
choosing an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity
339
ment
that is capable of destroying a wide range of bacteria
340
291. comprehensive
1. history
341
medical eye
2. examination and testing
342
examination 3
3. evaluation of the findings and establishment of a diag-
343
major parts
nosis/plan
344
292. visual acuity
measure the patient's ability to see fine detail.
345
293. alignment and
H movement.
346
294. pupillary exami-
swinging light test
347
295. visual field ex-
tests peripheral vision
348
296. tonometry
measuring the patients intraocular pressure
349
297. external exami-
typically done by the ophthalmologist. includes examin-
350
nation
ing the patients eyelids, lashes, and visible parts of the
351
298. biomicroscope
(slit lamp) consists of a microscope of low magnifying
352
299. ophthalmoscope
doctor uses it to examine the inside of the eye. The vitre-
353
300. asymptomatic
no noticeable symptoms
354
301. 3 reasons to get
1. eye diseases may be present but exist with no notice-
355
an eye examina-
able symptoms
356
tion
2. assessment of overall ocular health can be an impor-
357
302. chief complaint
(patients own words and placed in quotes) is the main
358
303. History page and
- chief complaint
359
areas to make
- past ocular history
360
sure you hit
- general medical and social history (present to past)
361
304. snellen acuity
primary acuity test performed. (big E chart)
362
305. at what distance
20 feet
363
306. pinhole occluder
pinhole allows only parallel rays of light, which do not
364
307. near visual acu-
testing vision at normal reading distance
365
308. suppression
ignoring one eyes visual input. used for children born with
366
309. cardinal posi-
-left
367
tions of gaze
-left and up
368
310. worth 4-dot test
three different outcomes
369
311. titmus stereop-
determines whether the patient has fine depth perception
370
sis test
and quantifies it in terms of binocular cooperation
371
312. swinging-light
tests for a direct and consensual pupillary reaction.
372
test
(checks for APD)
373
313. amsler grid test
used for AMD patients
374
314. confrontational
compares the boundaries of the patient's field of vision
375
field test
with that of the examiner, who is presumed to have a
376
315. goldmann appla-
(on the slit lamp)
377
316. indentation
determines the intraocular pressure by measuring the
378
tonometry
indentation of the cornea produced by a weight of a given
379
317. inditation vs ap-
the goldmann and schiotz test both assume normal
380
planation tonom-
corneal curvature, but the inentation technique assumes
381
etry
that scleral rigidity (resistance to stretching) is normal
382
318. flashlight test
determines the depth of the anterior chamber and the
383
319. hruby lens
the lens attached to the slit lamp for the doctors (-55 D)
384
320. goniolens
a mirrored contact lens that the doctor can use to see the
385
321. direct vs indirect
the direct is handheld
386
opthalmoscope
the indirect is worn on the head
387
322. color vision tests
pseudoisochromatic color plates, 15 hue test
388
323. schirmer test
tear output test
389
324. exophthalmome-
measures the prominence of the eyeball in relation to the
390
try
bony orbital rim surrounding it.
391
325. Hippus
normal brief oscillations of pupil size in response to light
392
326. Swinging flash-
Test used for detecting relative afferent pupillary defect
393
327. mydriasis
pupil dilation
394
328. anisocoria
unequal pupil size
395
329. pupillometry
Measure of the pupil diameters in various light conditions
396
330. Consensual
refers to constriction of both pupils in response to light
397
pupillary
entering left or right pupil only
