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psychology paper 1 > CO1: Experiments > Flashcards

CO1: Experiments Flashcards

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1
Q

Which variable is manipulated?

A

Independent variable

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2
Q

Which variable is being measured?

A

Dependent variable

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3
Q

What does it mean to operationalise?

A

To specify in enough depth to make replication possible

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4
Q

Which variables does operationalising apply to?

A

Both variables - independent and dependent

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5
Q

How do we operationalise?

A
  1. Observation - watch behaviour
  2. Self report - ask (verbal or written)
  3. Unit - can be scientific
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6
Q

What is a research aim?

A

States what the researcher intends to find out

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7
Q

What is a research question?

A

Rephrases the research aim as a question

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8
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A precise and testable statement that makes a prediction

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9
Q

How do you write a research aim?

A
  1. Start with ‘To investigate’ or ‘To see whether’
  2. Must include IVs and DV
  3. Must be operationalised
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10
Q

How do you write a research question?

A
  1. Start with ‘Do’ or ‘Does’
  2. Finish with ‘?’
  3. Must include IVs and DV
  4. Must be operationalised
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11
Q

How do you write an alternative one-tailed hypothesis?

A

There will be a significant increase/decrease in dependent variable for independent variable 1 than independent 2

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12
Q

How do you write an alternative two-tailed hypothesis?

A

There will be a significant difference in dependent variable between independent variable 1 and independent variable 2

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13
Q

How do you write a null two-tailed hypothesis?

A

There will be no significant difference in dependent variable between independent variable 1 and independent variable 2

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14
Q

What is an experimental method?

A

A choice that the researcher makes on how they are going to conduct their experiment

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15
Q

How many types of experimental methods are there?

A

3

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16
Q

What are the types of experimental methods?

A
  1. Lab
  2. Field
  3. Quasi
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17
Q

Which experimental method is highly controlled?

A

Lab - controlled experiment conducted in a lab and IV is manipulated

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18
Q

In which experimental method is the IV not manipulated?

A

Quasi - IV is not manipulated and can be either lab or field

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19
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Any variable other than the IV that might impact results

20
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Any variable other than the IV that has impacted results

21
Q

Why do psychologists try to control extraneous variables so that they don’t become confounding variables?

A

So that the experiments can establish ‘cause and effect’

22
Q

What are the two types of extraneous variables?

A

Participant and situational variables

23
Q

What are the four types of situational variables?

A
  1. Environmental variable
  2. Order effects
  3. Demand characteristics
  4. Researcher bias
24
Q

What is a type of confounding variable?

A

Researcher effect

25
Q

What are participant variables?

A

Characteristics of the participants that may effect the results. Such as age, gender, mood, background, ethnicity, IQ, personality

26
Q

What are situational variables?

A

A feature of the situation that may effect the results

27
Q

What are environmental variables?

A

A feature of the research environment that may effect the results

28
Q

What are order effects?

A

Where participants results for the second time they do the IV is better or worse which may effect the results

29
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Participants form an interpretation of the experiment’s purpose from cues (i.e. guess the aim) and change their behaviour which may affect the results

30
Q

What is researcher bias?

A

Subtle or deliberate cues from a researcher to encourage certain behaviour in participants which may effect the results - verbal cues and unconscious nonverbal cues

31
Q

What is researcher effect?

A

Anything the researcher does that has effected the results

32
Q

What is a control group?

A

The group who receives no manipulation. A baseline to compare the other to

33
Q

What is an experimental design?

A

The decision about whether to have one group of participants do both conditions of the IV or have more than one group of participants who do only one condition of the IV

34
Q

How many experimental designs are there?

A

3

35
Q

What is an independent measures design?

A

Using different participants for each condition of the experiment. Participants take part in one condition - either IV1 or IV2

36
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

Using same participants for each condition of the experiment. Participants take part in both conditions - IV1 and IV2

37
Q

What is a matched participants design?

A

Match participants on a relevant participant variable. One member of the pair is allocated to IV1 and the other to IV2. Using different participants for each condition of the experiment. Participants take part in one condition.

38
Q

How to control participant variables - sample?

A
  1. Have a large sample size
  2. Random sampling
39
Q

How to control participant variables - experimental design?

A
  1. Repeated measures design
  2. Matched participants design
40
Q

How to control participant variables - allocation to conditions?

A

Randomly allocate participants to conditions

41
Q

How to control environmental variables - standardise?

A
  1. Standardise procedure - keep everything that same for each participant
  2. Standardise instructions - giving the same information and instructions to the participants
42
Q

How to control order effects - counterbalancing?

A

(ABBA technique) - ensure that the variables are equal by conducting the conditions in different sequences (e.g. AB and BA). This balances out any order effects

43
Q

How to control demand characteristics - deception?

A
  1. Lie about the aim
  2. Filler questions
  3. Distraction tasks
44
Q

How to control demand characteristics - single blind?

A

Participants are unaware at which condition they’re in (IV1 or IV2)

45
Q

How to control researcher bias - double blind?

A

Neither the researcher nor the participants knows which condition they are in (IV1 or IV2)

46
Q

How to control researcher bias - inter-rater reliability?

A

Independent raters rate the same behaviour as researcher - check for agreement (high correlation)

47
Q

Why do we control for extraneous variables?

A
  1. To establish cause and effect
  2. To gain results that are more valid (internal validity)
  3. Research is more scientific (how science works)
  4. To avoid extraneous variables becoming confounding variables

psychology paper 1 (2 decks)

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