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Head and Neck Pathology > CNS Tumours > Flashcards

CNS Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

CNS tumours originating from glial cells?

A
  1. Astrocytoma
  2. oligodendroglioma
  3. ependymoma
  4. glioblastoma
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2
Q

CNS tumours originating from Primitive neuroectodermal cells?

A
  1. Medulloblastoma
  2. neuroblastoma
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3
Q

CNS tumours originating from Arachnoidal cells?

A

meningioma

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4
Q

CNS tumours originating from nerve sheath cells?

A

Schwannoma
neurofibroma

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5
Q

CNS tumours originating from lymphoreticular cells?

A

lymphoma

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6
Q

CNS tumours in children?

A
  1. astrocytoma
  2. medulloblastoma
  3. ependymoma
  4. others
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7
Q

CNS tumours in adults?

A
  1. glioblastoma
  2. meningioma
  3. astrocytoma
  4. schwannoma
  5. others
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8
Q

Epidemiology of CNS tumours?

A

Second commonest tumours in children and the sixth commonest in adults

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9
Q

Symptoms of CNS tumours?

A

Present with localising signs due to:
1. tissue destruction
2. non-specific effects of raised intracranial pressure

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10
Q

Locations for CNS tumours?
Adults?
Children?

A
  1. In children
    - 70% are sited in the posterior fossa
    - most are intrinsic tumors
  2. In adults
    - 70% are sited supratentorially
    - intrinsic and extrinsic tumors both occur frequently
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11
Q

Metastatic tumours?

A

Metastatic tumors occur more frequently with increasing age: most are carcinomas
- which may form solid deposits in the CNS or spread by seeding in the CSF
Note: Survival depends on the age of the patient and the site, size and histology of the neoplasm

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of CNS tumours?

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Chemical & viral
  3. Radiation - ? Mobile phones
  4. Immunosuppression – primary cns lymphomas
  5. Trauma – role unproven
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13
Q

Brain tumors clinically present in what two main ways?

A
  1. Local effects – focal neurological signs
    e.g. epilepsy or paraplegia
  2. Mass effects – non specific signs & symptoms of space occupying lesion
    > herniation being the common cause of death
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14
Q

Name intrinsic tumours?

A
  1. Astrocytoma
  2. Glioblastomas
  3. Oligodendroglioma
  4. Ependymomas
  5. Choroid plexus papillomas
  6. Hemangioblastomas
  7. Lymphomas
  8. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors
  9. Medulloblastoma
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15
Q

Epidemiology of astrocytoma?

A

10% of all primary adult CNS tumors, relatively more frequent.

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16
Q

Sites for astrocytoma?
Adults?
Children?

A
  1. cerebellum in children
  2. cerebral hemisphere in adults
17
Q

Astrocytoma is classified according to?

A
  1. predominant cell type
  2. degree of differentiation
18
Q

Prognosis for astrocytomas involve?

A
  1. degree of differentiation
  2. age of patient
  3. site & size
19
Q

Microscopy of astrocytoma?

A
20
Q

Epidemiology of glioblastoma?

A

30 % of all primary CNS tumors, rare in children

21
Q

Location of glioblastoma?

A

Arise in white matter of cerebral hemispheres
- Dedifferentiate from pre-existing astrocytomas

22
Q

Prognosis of glioblastomas depends on?

A
  1. degree of differentiation
  2. age of pt
  3. site & size
23
Q

Microscopy of glioblastoma?

A
24
Q

Epidemiology of medulloblastomas?

A

Commonest primitive neuroectodermal tumor

25
Q

Location of medulloblastomas?

A

Arises in cerebellum of children

26
Q

Pathology of medulloblastomas?

A

Rapid growth with extensive infiltration
resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus
CSF seeding common

27
Q

Prognosis of medulloblastomas depends on?

A

With radiotherapy, prognosis has improved
5yr survival rate is 60%.

28
Q

Microscopy of meduloblastoma?

A
29
Q

Name extrinsic tumours?

A
  1. Meningioma
  2. Schwannoma
  3. Neurofibroma
30
Q

Epidemiology of meningiomas?

A

18% of intracranial neoplasms in adults
Female>male 2:1

31
Q

Sites of meningiomas?

A

parasagittal region, sphenoid wing, olfactory groove & foramen magnum

32
Q

Macroscopy of meningiomas?

A

Smooth lobulated broadly adherent to dura
May infiltrate dura & bone, exceptionally invade brain
May markedly compress the brain

33
Q

Histology of meningiomas?

A

Displays a variety of patterns
Occasionally malignant, and may metastasize outside the CNS

34
Q

Metastatic CNS tumours?

A

CNS common site for metastasis
Hematogenous or direct spread
Carcinomas are the most common particularly from ; breast, bronchus, kidneys and colon , and malignant melanomas.
Often lodge at the boundary betwn grey & white matter.
Infiltration of subarachnoid space may produce carcinomatous meningitis

Head and Neck Pathology (4 decks)

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