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Onco Board Review > CNS, Pulmonary, TCC, Misc > Flashcards

CNS, Pulmonary, TCC, Misc Flashcards

1
Q

When would treatment with a c-kit inhibitor be beneficial for canine glioma?

A

Potentially useful in high grade tumors for anti-angiogenic properties

**only vascular endothelium was positive in high-grade gliomas; no tumor immunostaining for c-kit

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2
Q

C-kit and COX overexpression are negative prognostic indicators in human glioma. What percentage of canine gliomas express c-kit and COX2?

A

NONE

only tumor vasculature of high grade tumors was c-kit+

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3
Q

What are the two most common metastatic intramedullary spinal cord tumors?

A

HSA

TCC

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4
Q

What is the most common region for spinal meningiomas to occur?

A

Cervical (cranial to C3)

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5
Q

What are the most common grades of spinal meningiomas found in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, respectively?

A

Cervical - Grade 1
Thoracic - Grade 2
Lumbar - Grade 3

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6
Q

What is the most common metastatic brain tumor in dogs? In cats?

A

Dogs - HSA

Cats - LSA

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7
Q

What characteristics do TVT and devil facial tumor share in regards to karyotype and MHC expression?

A

Both have stable karyotypes

Both downregulate MHC

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8
Q

Canine TVTs have been shown to have long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) upstream of the coding region for what oncogene?

A

c-myc

LINE insertion at the 5’ end of the c-myc gene can be used as a molecular marker for TVT

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9
Q

What is the recurrence rate following surgery for TVT?

A

30-75%

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10
Q

Name negative prognostic factors for feline ocular melanoma?

A

Extension into ciliary body
High MI
Large tumor
Involvement of scleral venous plexus

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11
Q

What type of trial would you use to determine quickly and with few patients whether flea medications cause lymphoma?

A

Case-control

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12
Q

What percentage of cases undergo a revision of diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis following second opinion pathology?

A

17%

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13
Q

Does intracavitary chemotherapy improve survival in cases of neoplastic effusion?

A

Yes - improves survival for carcinomatosis/sarcomatsosis/mesothelioma regardless of presence of effusion

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14
Q

What paraneoplastic syndromes have been associated with pulmonary neoplasia in dogs?

A

ectopic ACTH production

hypertrophic osteopathy

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15
Q

What are the vimentin and cytokeratin staining characteristics of mesothelioma?

A

positive for both

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16
Q

In which disease state is circulating plasma free DNA highest?

A

Lymphoid malignancy

> 25ng/mL = shorter remission

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17
Q

What is the most common ear canal tumor in dogs? In cats?

A

Ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

What is the metastatic rate of digital SCC following surgery?

A

26%

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19
Q

In which digital tumor is subungual location a positive prognostic factor?

A

SCC

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20
Q

Basal cell tumors comprise what % of feline skin tumors?

A

25%

Head is most common location

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21
Q

What IHC markers can distinguish lymphangiosarcoma from HSA?

A

PROX-1

LYVE-1

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22
Q

Are EPO and PaO2 levels expected to be high or low in polycythemia vera?

A

PaO2 - low (thrombosis, poor perfusion)

EPO - low

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23
Q

What toxic plant can cause transformation of BPV-induced papilloma to carcinoma in the intestine of cattle?

A

Bracken fern

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24
Q

What is the most common gastric tumor in horses?

A

SCC

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25
Q

Is a young calf (4mo) with lymphoma more likely to have BLV-induced lymphoma or sporadic?

A

Sporadic - BLV only seen in adults

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26
Q

What % of BLV-infected cows have persistent lymphocytosis? What % develop lymphoma?

A

30%

1-3% lymphoma

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27
Q

What is the survival time in cats with well- and poorly-differentiated lung tumors, respectively?

A

Well-dif: 23mo

Poorly-dif: 2.5mo

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28
Q

In dogs with nasal tumors treated with piroxicam only, what is the MST?

A

3mo

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29
Q

What is the most common complication to urethral stenting?

A

Incontinence

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30
Q

What is the response rate of TCC to firocoxib?

A

20% PR

no CR, 33% SD

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31
Q

Which canine breeds are at a 5X increased risk of Sertoli cell tumors?

A

Shelties, collies

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32
Q

Which factors increase the likelihood of late complications associated with pelvic radiation?

A

> 3Gy/fraction

Use of platinum as radiation sensitizer

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33
Q

Which drugs act as potent (3+ or 4+) radiation sensitizers?

A

Gemcitabine, DOX (4+)

Dacarbazine, bleomycin, dactinomycin, mitomycin (3+)

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34
Q

Which drugs act as moderate (1+ or 2+) radiation sensitizers?

A

Carbo/cisplatin, 5FU, capecitabine (2+)

CCNU, hydroxyurea, methotrexate, paclitaxel (1+)

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35
Q

What is the metastatic rate of TCC at diagnosis? At euth?

A

20% dx, 50% euth

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36
Q

What is the RR of TCC to mitoxantrone/piroxicam?

A

35% RR

46% SD

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37
Q

The RR of TCC to cisplatin/piroxicam is 77%. Why is this combination not recommended?

A

Renal toxicosis

38
Q

Is piroxicam a selective or nonselective COX inhibitor? What is the RR of TCC to piroxicam?

A

nonselective

18% RR

39
Q

What % of patients were excluded from DOX administration based on cardiac screening?

A

6% - most due to VPCs

40
Q

What was the ORR to DOX for dogs with presumed cardiac hemangio?

A

41%

PFS = 66d

41
Q

What were negative prognostic factors for dogs with presumed cardiac hemangio treated with DOX?

A

tumor size >median

thrombocytopenia

42
Q

What was the MST of dogs with right atrial masses and pericardial effusion treated with DOX?

A

139.5d

43
Q

What was the MST following thoracoscopic resection of right atrial masses in dogs?

A

90d

44
Q

What % of feline renal transplant patients developed neoplasia, and what odds did this correspond to compared to controls?

A
  1. 5% (lymphoma = 56% of these)

6. 6x higher odds than control

45
Q

What is the sequence homogeneity between canine and human carcinoembryonic antigen, TGFB, and NFkB?

A

> 90% homology

46
Q

In a series of dogs with hypercalcemia, what % of cases were neoplastic?

A

63% neoplasia

49% (overall) lymphoma

47
Q

What was the MST and prognostic factors for splenic liposarcoma?

A

MST = 623d

prognostic - mets at diagnosis, > grade I tumors (MST grade I >1000d)

48
Q

What was the most common tumor underlying metastatic cancer of unknown primary?

A

carcinoma - 57%

MST = 30d

49
Q

What was the PFS following streptozotocin administration in 19 dogs with insulinoma?

A

196d (6.5mo)

50
Q

What was the sensitivity and specificity of CXR for pulmonary nodules detected by CT?

A

71-95% Sn

83-94% Sp

51
Q

How is sensitivity calculated?

A

True Positive/(True Positive + False Negative)

52
Q

How is specificity calculated?

A

True Negative/(True Negative + False Positive)

53
Q

What was the interobserver variability in radiographic diameter measurement for pulmonary nodules?

A

16%

54
Q

In dogs undergoing AUS and CXR for staging of primary brain tumors, STS, or nasal tumors, what was the rate of serious comorbidity detection?

A

9%

3% had a second malignancy

55
Q

What is the diagnostic utility of dual-phase contrast CT in distinguishing malignant and nonmalignant hepatic and splenic masses?

A

Very poor

56
Q

In a small pilot study of FDG PET-CT in dogs, treatment protocol and prognosis were significantly changed due to the results in what % of patients?

A

70%

57
Q

Why is FLT a useful PET marker?

A

18F-L-thymidine is converted by TK1 to 18F-FLT-monophosphate and trapped in the cell

TK1 activity is higher in cancer

58
Q

In which regions is physiologic uptake of 18F-FLT and -FDG expected?

A

FDG - brain, muscle, myocarium

FLT - bone marrow, liver/gall bladder, urinary tract

59
Q

Why do nitromidazoles accumulate in hypoxic cells?

A

Once they enter, they are reduced to radicals; they cannot be reoxidized in the absence of oxygen.

60
Q

Which PET markers can be used to detect hypoxia?

A

18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO)
18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside (FAZA)
[60,62,64Cu]diacetyl-bis-N4- methylthiosemicarbazone (Cu-ATSM)

**FMISO and FAZA are limited by high background uptake

61
Q

What is the advantage to 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) vs. 99m-Tc imaging for detection of bone metastases?

A

18F-NaF is less protein bound = less background staining

Replaces -OH and binds to hydroxyappetite

62
Q

The intraoperative imaging agent LUM015 is cleaved by proteases in vivo allowing fluorescent imaging that distinguishes neoplastic tissue. What was the accuracy of this system in distinguishing neoplastic from normal tissue (using bx as reference)?

A

92% !

53% of dogs developed facial erythemia after injection

63
Q

How did the serum concentrations of TK1 and CRP in dogs with cancer compare to control dogs?

A

Significantly higher in dogs with cancer

64
Q

What is the neoplasia index (NI)? When using the NI to screen clinically healthy dogs, what was the specificity of a positive NI for development of cancer within 6mo?

A

91% (>5.8) Sensitivity = 100%

“high positive” = 98% (>9), but lower sensitivity (48%)

65
Q

Can serum TK help rule out HSA vs benign splenic disease?

A

Not really, it was not significantly higher in pts with HSA than benign splenic disease

At a cutoff of 6.55 U/L, sensitivity = 52% and specificity = 93%

66
Q

Which 3 diseases caused elevated serum and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) compared to normal controls?

A

CKD
Carcinoma
Lymphoma

67
Q

How did the serum concentration of 25-OH-Vit D impact risk of cancer?

A

RR of cancer increased as Vit D decreased

RR = 3.9X below 40ng/mL

68
Q

What serum concentration of 25-OH-Vit D is considered sufficient to decrease RR of cancer?

A

100ng/mL

69
Q

What are the most common chromosomal aberrations in canine TCC?

A

Gain of CFA 13 (97%)
Gain of CFA 36 (84%)
Loss of CFA 19 (77%)

70
Q

How did the staining scores for p63 and B-catenin in TCC compare to normal urothelium? Did this impact outcome?

A

Both p63 and B-catenin were LOWER in TCC

**low p63 was significantly related to shorter survival

71
Q

Which ultrasonographic findings in TCC were associated with shorter survival?

A

Wall involvement, heterogenous mass, and trigonal location

72
Q

What was the RR and side effect rate in dogs with TCC treated with 10x2.7Gy

A

61% RR (7.6% CR, 54% PR – 100% CB rate)

31% had Gr I-II acute efx

73
Q

What was the subjective response rate and median event-free survival in dogs with urogenital tumors treated with IMRT?

A 
SRR = 60%
mEFS = 317 days
74
Q

What was the RR to mitoxantrone + piroxicam vs carbo + piroxicam in a phase III trial?

A

MTX-P - 8% CR; MST 106d
Carbo - 13% PR; MST 73d
**NSD between both in RR or ST

75
Q

What was the RR and MTTP for dogs with TCC treated with vinorelbine rescue therapy?

A

14% PR; subjective improvement in 78%

MTTP = 93d

76
Q

What was the RR of TCC to DOX + piroxicam as first line therapy?

A

9% mPFS 103d (including pts who had surgery)

77
Q

What was the ORR of TCC to metronomic chlorambucil?

A

3% PR
67% SD
mPFI 119d

78
Q

What were the ORRs of TCC to cisplatin, firocoxib, and a combination in a randomized trial?

A

Cisplatin - 13%
Firocoxib - 20%
Cis/Firocox - 57% !! - signficantly higher than cis alone
mPFI 186d

79
Q

What was the ORR of TCC to deracoxib?

A

17% RR

71% SD, mTTP - 133d

80
Q

What was the ORR of TCC to VBL 3.0mg/m2 q2wk?

A

36% PR

50% SD

81
Q

What procedure was associated with TCC of the body wall?

A

Cystotomy

MST = 57d

82
Q

Do tumor PGE2 concentration or COX2 expression predict response to piroxicam in TCC?

A

no

RR was 33% in this study

83
Q

What % of patients with TCC had a positive UCS during tx?

A

45% (80% female, 29% male)

most common = staph, e. coli

84
Q

What proportion of feline TCC were + for COX2? What was the RR to meloxicam?

A

71% COX2+ – correlated with decreased survival

91% showed improvement in clinical signs

85
Q

What was the most common tumor in domestic snakes?

A

STS

86
Q

What was the sensitivity and specificity of cytologic detection of neoplasia in LNs compared to histopath? What tumors/LNs had the highest false negative rate?

A

67% Sn, 92% Sp; accuracy = 77%

highest false negative rate in mesenteric T-cell LSA, metastatic sarcoma, and metastatic MCT

87
Q

What was the rate and pattern of lymph node metastasis in dogs with tumors of the head undergoing bilateral lymphadenectomy?

A

45% metastatic rate - 62% were contralateral
100% had mets in mandibular, 78% retropharyngeal
-ie, no dogs had retropharyngeal but not mandibular

88
Q

In the most recent prospective evaluation of second-opinion histopath, what was the rate of complete agreement, and what % of disagreements affected treatement or prognosis?

A

52% agreement

37% major disagreements affecting either tx or prx

89
Q

What is EpCAM? In which canine tumor type was this molecule expressed most highly?

A
  • EpCAM = epithelial cell adhesion molecule; upregulation is associated with loss of E-cadherin and EMT
  • higher expression in carcinoma cell lines
90
Q

In which canine tumors was BRAF most frequently mutated?

A

prostatic CA - 80%

TCC - 67%

91
Q

In what % of canine melanomas and melanocytomas was BRAF mutated?

A

6% melanoma

7% melanocytoma

92
Q

What is the key to Devil Facial Tumor immune evasion?

A

downregulation of MHC Class II

Onco Board Review (6 decks)

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