CNS/PSN-föreläsningar (CNS1hansouts + Neurocytologyhandouts + halva SENSORYORGANShandouts) Flashcards
which are the 4 main parts of CNS
- Cerebrum 2. Brainstem (Midbrain/Mesencephalon, Pons & Medulla oblongta) 3. Cerebellum 4. Medulla Spinalis(spinal cord)
What functions does the Neocortex(Hjärnbalken) have?
Thoughts, Intellectual functions, Strategic thinking, Interpretation, Judgement
What functions does the Limbic system have?
Emotional impulses, Feelings, Memories, Ability to learn
What functions does the Brainstem(Midbrain/Mesencephalon, Pons & Medulla oblongta) have?
Instincts, Basic vital functions, Autonomic functions, Reactions
What functions does the medulla spinals (Spinal cord) have?
Connections, Reflexes
Which 6 main parts does the Brain(Encephalon) consists of?
- Cerebrum, 2. Cerebellum, 3. Diencephalon, 4. Mesencephalon, 5. Pons, 6. Medulla oblongta
What does the left hemisphere organize? If u think of personal skills etc?
Linear thinking: Writing, Language, Scientific skills, Mathematics, Lists, Logic
What does the right hemisphere organize? If u think of personal skills etc?
Holistic thinking mode: Emotional expression, Spatial awareness, Music, Creating, Imagination, Dimension, Gestalt(whole picture)
what is Cerebal cortex/Cortex cerebri?
The grey outer rim of the cerebrum(Storhjärnan). Consists of 20 billions neurons and is about 3 mm thick.
Which 4 main parts does the Cerebal cortex/Cortex cerebri consists of?
- Frontal lobe, 2. Parietal lobe, 3. Occipital lobe, 4. Temporal lobe
Which are the 4 main areas of the Frontal lobe?
- Prefrontal cortex, 2. Premotor cortex, 3. Primary motorcortex, 4. Broca´s area
What is Primary motorcortex in charge of?
Voluntary movements
Which way does a voluntary movements travel? (Starting in the brain and ending in for example in the finger)
Primary motorcortex -> Midbrain -> Pons -> Medulla -> Medulla-Spinal cord juncture -> Cervical spinal cord -> lateral motor nerve
What does homunculus control?
Our senses
Name 3 injuries that can occur in the motor cortex?
Paresis, Tumor and Stroke
What is the Prefrontal cortex in charge of?
Personality, Insight and Foresight
What can an injury in the left frontal lobe affect?
The motoric language
What is the Temporal lobe in charge of?
Language, Learning, Memory, (Auditory cortex and part of the limbic system)
What is the Parietal lobe in charge of?
Sensory cortex - sensory perception, Language, Spatial orientation and perception
Name 3 syndromes that can occur in the Parietal lobe?
Neglect, Gerstmann syndrome, Apraxia
What is the Occipital lobe in charge of?
Visual cortex
What can cause Cortical blindness in the occipital lobe?
Stroke or trauma
What is Anton-Babinski syndrome? (In the Occipital lobe)
Denial of blindness
Name 3 diseases that effects the Basal ganglia(motor control)?
Parkinson, Huntingsons chorea, Hemiballismus
Which 3 main parts does Diencephalon consists of?
- Thalamus - egg shaped structure, 2. Hypothalamus - grey matter; wall of 3rd ventricle. Hypophysis, 3. Pineal gland
What is Thalamus 3 main assignments?
- Connections of both motor and sensors tracts between cerebrum and medulla spinals, 2. Transfers signals from the formatio reticularis to cerebral cortex, 3. Transfers signals between different parts of the limbic system
What is the Pineal gland?
It´s a part of diencephalon and is an endocrine gland, in some reptals a third eye. Contains melatonin
Name 4 Thalamic syndromes?
Thalamic pain, Hemianesthesia, Sensory ataxia, Stroke - often combined with paresis
What is the Hypothalamus in charge of?
Controls circulation and temperature. Basal function for survival - thirst, hunger, sleep, parts of sexual behavior. Also controls the pituitary gland.
(Thyroid hormones, sex hormones, lactation and cortisol)
What does the Limbic system control?
Emotions and memory
What 3 main parts does White matter in the brain consists of?
- Project tracts - between different levels in the CNS, 2.Commisure tracts - between the hemisphere, 3. Association tracts - tract within a hemisphere
Formatio reticulus is a centre in the brainstem. What is it a centre for?
Consciousness, Control of breathing and heart rate, Pattern generators for swallowing and sneezing
What is the Cerebellum in charge of?
It is involved in coordination of eye-, trunk and head-movements using signals from the ear. Helps to maintain posture and balance. Takes part in fine motoric movements of the arm and hands and trained fast and complicated movements.
Which 3 main systems can the Nervous system be divided in?
- Central nervous system(CNS) - brain and spinal cord, 2. Peripheral nervous system(PNS) - cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia, 3. Enteric nervous system (ENS)
What is the Somatic nervous system(SNS)?
The part is controlled by free will
What is the Autonomic nervous system(ANS)?
The part that is not controlled by free will, e.g. heart, glands, bowel.
What is so special about nerve cells, compared to normal cells?
Nerve cells are able to receive and conduct signals and also transfer the signals to other organs
Which 5 types of cells does the nervous system consists of?
- Neurons(nerve cells), 2. Astrocytes, 3. Oligodendrocytes, 4. Schwann cells, 5. Mikroglia
myelin is an isolation around an axon, but there is one sort in the CNS and another in the PNS, which are these?
Oligodendocytes - CNS,
Schwann cells - PNS
Give 2 examples on when the action potential in the axons is disrupted?
- In multipel sclerosis (MS) - the myelin is damaged; impairment of transmission, 2. Locl anesthetic - blockage of voltage-gated Na+-channel; pain impulses are not transmitted.
Which disease is related to lack of dopamin in the brain?
Parkinson’s disease
Which disease is related to excessive amount of dopamin?
Schizofrenia
The brain has 4 fluid-filled chambers, the ventricles. What are the called?
1&2. Lateral ventricle, 3. Third ventricle, 4. Fourth ventricle
What is the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)?
A clear and colorless liquid produced in the ventricles and circulating around the CNS
What functions does the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) have?
- Protection against physical injury, 2. The volume can be regulated, 3. Transport substances
What is the name of the 2 main arteries that supply the brain with blood?
Carotis interna and vertebralis
In which 5 regions is the spinal nerves divided in?
Cervical (8 psc), Thoractal (12 psc), Lumbar (5 psc), Sacral (5 psc), Coccygeal (1 psc)
which 2 types of spinal nerves are there?
Motoric - efferent, Sensoric - afferent
